Improved grid integration of intermittent electricity generation using electric vehicles for storage: A simulation study

This paper describes a simulation to establish the extent to which reliance on non-dispatchable energy sources, particularly wind generation, could in the future be extended beyond accepted norms, by utilizing the distributed battery capacity of an electric vehicle fleet for storage. The notion of exploiting the distributed battery capacity of an electric vehicle fleet as grid storage is not new. However, this simulation study specifically examines the potential impact of the idea in the New Zealand context. The simulation makes use of real and projected data in relation to vehicle usage, full potential wind generation capacity and availability, taking into account weather variation, and typical daily and seasonal patterns of electricity usage. It differs from previous studies in that it is based on individual vehicles, rather than a bulk battery model. At this stage, the simulation does not take into account local or regional flows. A more detailed analysis of these localized effects will follow in subsequent stages of the simulation work