Quaternary volcanism, tephras, and tephra-derived soils in New Zealand: an introductory review

This two-part article comprises brief introductions to (1) volcanism and its products in general and to the broad pattern of Quaternary volcanism and tephrostratigraphy in North Island, and (2) the ensuing tephra-derived soils of North Island. Part 1 derives mainly from Smith et al. (2006), Leonard et al. (2007), and Lowe (2008a). Other useful reviews include those of Neall (2001), Graham (2008: Chapter 7), Wilson et al. (2009), and Cole et al. (2010). Recent reviews on tephras include Shane (2000), Alloway et al. (2007), Lowe (2008b, 2011), and Lowe et al. (2008a, 2008b). A history of tephra studies in New Zealand was reported by Lowe (1990). Part 2 describes the distribution and character of the main tephra-derived soils, these being Entisols and Andisols (mostly Vitrands and Udands) and Ultisols (Lowe and Palmer, 2005). Books on these and other soils in New Zealand include NZ Soil Bureau (1968), Gibbs (1980), McLaren and Cameron (1996), Cornforth (1998), and Molloy and Christie (1998). An excellent overview is the web-based article by Hewitt (2008), and encyclopaedic reviews by Neall (2006) and McDaniel et al. (2011) include New Zealand examples. Tonkin (2007a, 2007b, 2007c) provided a history of soil survey and soil conservation activities in New Zealand. A quantitatively-based classification of New Zealand‟s terrestrial environments was published by Leathwick et al. (2003)