The discovery and development of the CRISPR system in applications in genome manipulation

The Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) CRISPR associated 9 (Cas9) system is a microbial adaptive immune system that has been recently developed for genomic engineering. From the moment the CRISPR system was discovered in Escherichia coli, the drive to understand the mechanism prevailed, leading to rapid advancement in the knowledge and applications of the CRISPR system. With the ability to characterize and understand the function of the Cas9 endonuclease came the ability to adapt the CRISPR-Cas9 system for use in a variety of applications and disciplines ranging from agriculture to biomedicine. This review will provide a brief overview of the discovery and development of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in applications such as genome regulation and epigenome engineering, as well as the challenges faced.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author