Characterization of Western Spruce Budworm Outbreak Regions in the British Columbia Interior

The western spruce budworm (Choristoneura freemani Razowski; WSB) shapes Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (Mirb.) Franco forests throughout western North America with periodic, severe landscape-level defoliation events. The largest and most continuous recorded defoliation occurred in the 2000s, largely centered in the Williams Lake and 100 Mile House WSB Outbreak Regions, peaking in 2007 at 847,000 hectares defoliated in B.C. Unique WSB Outbreak Regions in south central B.C. are described using biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification, geography, 106 years of documented defoliation, and 46 stand-level Douglas-fir host tree-ring chronologies. Since the 1980s, recorded defoliation in B.C. has shifted from coastal ecosystems and become a dominant disturbance in drier, colder, Interior Douglas-fir ecosystems. Defoliation records demarcate four outbreaks from 1950-2012 and up to three growth suppression events from 1937- 2012. Outbreak duration was shorter in the north and far south of B.C. with recovery periods (no trees showing growth suppression) shorter over all WSB Outbreak Regions in the 2000s, suggesting trees may be increasingly susceptible to each successive defoliation event. Knowing the regional outbreak periodicity may facilitate early detection of incipient WSB populations, which is critical for management as many of our low elevation Douglas-fir forests become more stressed with changing and unpredictable climate regimes.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author