Foraging behaviour of four avian species feeding on the same temporarily available prey

Low tide events provide terrestrial predators with ephemeral, but predictable and abundant sources of prey. Understanding the relationships between the tidal cycles, prey availability, and predator abundances is vital to characterizing the ecological relationship between terrestrial predators and their marine prey. Here, we describe the foraging tactics of four common bird species in western North America, bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1766), great blue herons (Ardea herodias Linnaeus, 1758), glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens Naumann, 1840), and northwestern crows (Corvus caurinus Baird, 1858), feeding on the same transiently accessible fish species, the plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus Girard, 1854). We conducted avian predator surveys at midshipman fish breeding beaches across multiple years and sites. Our census data showed that eagle and heron abundances were higher when the tides were receding than incoming at Ladysmith Harbour, British Columbia, but the opposite trend was found for total predator abundance at a second site in Dabob Bay, Washington. Gull abundance decreased over the course of the plainfin midshipman breeding season (April–July) while the abundances of the other three species remained stable. Our data suggest that the foraging activities of birds in the intertidal zones of western North America are linked with the tidal cycles, corresponding to periods of high prey vulnerability.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author