Percutaneous venous interventions.

Percutaneous procedures by interventional radiologists are becoming an increasingly frequent part of the overall care of patients with complex venous thrombotic diseases. Inferior vena caval filters are used in the setting of failed or contraindicated anticoagulation. Catheter-directed thrombolysis is considered for patients with extensive iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis. Venous angioplasty is often indicated for patients with dialysis shunt venous stenoses, upper extremity venous stenoses and for stenoses within venous bypass grafts. Venous stenting is often employed following angioplasty to ensure long-term procedural success. Finally, suction and mechanical thrombectomy and embolectomy are relatively new procedures that are available to optimize patient management