(eng) In this paper, we give a general framework for the foundation of an operational (small step) semantics of object-based languages with an emphasis on functional and imperative issues. The framework allows classifying very naturally object-based calculi according to their main implementation techniques of inheritance, namely "delegation" and "embedding". This distinction comes easily from the choice of the rules we make. Our framework is founded on two previous works, namely the "Lambda Calculus of Objects" of Fischer, Honsell, and Mitchell for the object aspects and the lambda-sigma-w-a of Benaissa, Lang, Lescanne, and Rose for the description of the operational semantics and sharing. The former is the formalization of a small delegati...