O rektorze w cycerońskiej koncepcji rzeczypospolitej oraz recepcji jego filozofii politycznej w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej XVI wieku

Although Cicero valued the Monarchy, he considered a mixed System to be the best in termsof durability, combining elements of three pure Systems. The monarchist Element of the RomanRepublic was seen in the Power of the Consuls, although at the Time he published De republica, their Power proved to be insufficient to ensure the Balance of States. So it was necessaryto strengthen this Element. For this Purpose Mark created a Character named rector, moderatoror gubernator rei publicae. He was a Character endowed with Virtue, with the first Goal beingthe Happiness of Citizens entrusted to him. Earlier on, he must acquire the Wisdom to guidethe Justice that ensures the Survival of the Republic. The Prize that awaits him for this is extraterrestrial:for People dedicated to their Homeland there is a Place in the Hereafter, presentedin the famous Somnium Scipionis. Cicero did not publish a Theory of the State modelled onPlato, his Dialogue described the Roman Republic, while the Postulate of endowing one withquasi-monarchist Power served an ad-hoc anti-Cesarian Purpose, and the rector was a Modelfor Pompey. Nevertheless, the Cicero legacy has been applied: in the 16th Century in Poland, theNobility, seeing themselves as heirs of the Roman Commonwealth, eagerly reached out to Ciceroin order to emphasize the ethical Basis of politics and community Souveraineté of the State. Theypostulated the use of a mixed System, limiting the Power of the King (sometimes called the rector),at the same Time making him responsible for Maintaining the Permanence of a System inwhich the Senate meant an aristocratic Power, and the Parliament and, more broadly, the Nationof Nobility, a democratic Element