Helelektriska tunga lastbilar: En studie om påverkan på elnätet

Sweden has ambitious climate goals, such as the overarching goal, the 2045 goal. The goal is for Sweden to have zero net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2045 at the latest. In order to achieve the overall climate goal and the interim targets, electrification of society is an important component. The industrial sector and the transport sector each account for about a third of Sweden’s emissions, where the conversion to electricity is an important solution. The electrification of passenger cars and buses has meant that emissions from domestic transport have decreased every year, and in order to achieve the interim target of 70 percent lower emissions of greenhouse gases in 2030 compared to 2010, the electrification of heavy duty trucks is one of the key components. However, there are long-term challenges with the power grid and already today grid owners have capacity challenges. Regional grid owners cannot increase their power subscription, while local grid owners cannot grant new connections. Regarding the electrification of long-haul transportation, there are challenges in terms of charging infrastructure. Truck drivers operate on a strict schedule, and minimizing down time is crucial to keep costs down. By law, truck drivers must take a 45-minute break after 4.5 hours of driving time, which means that during this break it is desirable to recharge the vehicle before departure. This means that high power demands are placed on the charging infrastructure that exists to be able to transmit the desired energy. A new standard, the Megawatt Charging System (MCS), which meets the high power requirements has been developed and is included in pilot projects. The maximum power that the charging standard can deliver is 3.75 MW. The results of the thesis show that these high-power chargers place high demands on thepower grid. When connecting a charging station with MCS charging points to the grid, it may require local upgrading of lines and transformers, but also upgrading in otherparts of the network. Examples of such upgrades are reactive power compensation to be able to support the network locally at peak loads to obtain voltage levels within stable voltage ranges, but also upgrades of lines and transformers to be able to deliver the desired power. Integration of a battery storage in connection with a charging station relieves the powergrid and its components. However, it is important to highlight that since the battery needs to be recharged, this means that a more even power requirement is needed. However, the maximum load on both transformers and lines is reduced, which can be a desirable effect when a charging station of the same nature is put into operation