Cross-scale institutional arrangements for whale shark (Rhincodon typus) management and conservation : opportunities for sustainable livelihoods

The whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is the biggest fish in the world. The management and conservation of this species has come to attention because its survival is potentially threatened given that its numbers appear to be declining. A lucrative whale shark tourism industry has been developed in many parts of the world, including Mexico where this species congregates annually. It is only recently that whale shark tourism in Mexico has become an important activity for the people living in the communities where this activity developed. The adoption of new whale shark management policies have contributed to arrangements between the government, the communities and other stakeholders from the private sector. This thesis investigates horizontal (across space) and vertical (through levels of organisations) linkages of institutional arrangements for whale shark conservation to determine how this will help to increase sustainable livelihoods of the communities. Qualitative research methods were used extensively on a cross case study in two communities in Mexico where whale shark tourism has been developed on a community basis. The Sustainable Livelihoods framework and other frameworks for the study of institutions in the context of environmental management were used to understand cross-scale institutional arrangements for whale shark management and conservation in Mexico. The findings of this research show significant differences between the areas of study. Institutional heterogeneity was appreciated with a wide range of factors contributing to the differences of institutional arrangements for whale shark management. These arrangements have had different influences on people's livelihoods. Recommendations are given to employ the Sustainable Livelihoods framework together with elements of the institutional analysis to create a more accurate picture of issues that will determine the success of existent and future whale shark management strategies