Nitrous oxide emissions from China's croplands based on regional and crop-specific emission factors deviate from IPCC 2006 estimates

Calculated N₂O emission factors (EFs) of applied nitrogen (N) fertilizer are currently based upon a single, universal value advocated by the IPCC (Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change) even though EFs are thought to vary with climate and soil types. Here, we compiled and analyzed 151 N₂O EF values from agricultural fields across China. The EF of synthetic N applied to these croplands was 0.60%, on average, but differed significantly among six climatic zones across the country, with the highest EF found in the north subtropical zone for upland fields (0.93%) and the lowest in the middle subtropical zone for paddy fields (0.20%). Precipitation and soil pH, which showed non-linear relationships with EF, are among the factors governing it, explaining 7.0% and 8.0% of the regional variation in EFs, respectively. Annual precipitation was the key factor regulating N₂O emissions from synthetic N fertilizers. Among crop types, legume crops had the highest EFs, which were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of cereals. Total soil N₂O emissions from fertilized croplands with maize, rice, wheat, and vegetables in China, calculated using the climatic zone (regional) EFs, were estimated to be 239 Gg N yr⁻¹ with an uncertainty of 21%. Importantly, this value was substantially (33%) lower than that (357 N yr⁻¹) derived from the IPCC default EF but close to the 253 Gg N yr⁻¹ estimated using crop-specific EFs. N₂O emissions from applied synthetic N fertilizer accounted for 66.5% of the total annual N₂O emissions from China's maize, rice, wheat and vegetable fields. Taken together, our study's results strongly suggest that regional EFs should be included for accurate N₂O inventories from croplands across China