China's Solution to Global Cyber Governance:Unpacking the Domestic Discourse of 'Internet Sovereignty'

Under Xi Jinping’s leadership, China has actively promoted “Internet sovereignty” as a means to reshape the discourse and practices of global cyber governance. By analysing Chinese-language literature, this article unpacks the Chinese discourse of Internet sovereignty. Despite significant interest in promoting it as China’s normative position on cyberspace, we find Chinese formulations of Internet sovereignty are fragmented, diverse and under-developed. There are substantial disagreements and uncertainty over what Internet sovereignty is and how it can be put into practice. This is principally due to the evolving pattern of Chinese policy formation, whereby political ideas are often not clearly defined when first proposed by Chinese leaders. This article argues that an under-developed domestic discourse of Internet sovereignty has significantly restricted China’s capacity to provide alternative norms in global cyberspace. Appreciating this ambiguity, diversity and, sometimes, inconsistency is vital to accurate understanding of transformations in global cyber governance occasioned by China’s rise