Relevant activities of extracts and constituents of animals used in traditional Chinese medicine for central nervous system effects associated with Alzheimer's disease

The centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch ('Wugong'), the beetle Mylabris phalerata Pallas ('Ban mao') and the earthworm Pheretima aspergillum Chen ('DiLong') have a reputation in traditional Chinese medicine for reducing symptoms of central nervous system decline, including memory loss. A series of extracts of all three organisms was tested for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and copper ion binding effects, the latter likely to reduce oxidative damage caused by excess copper. The beetle and centipede chloroform extracts showed the strongest AChE inhibitory effects (30.6% inhibition at 105 mu g mL(-1) and 32.3% inhibition at 167 mu g mL(-1), respectively) and, in the case of the centipede, this was traced to the unsaturated fatty acids present using bioassayguided fractionation. Cantharidin from the beetle was shown to have AChE activity (31% inhibition at 1 mu m, 0.196 mu g mL(-1)), making it a major contributor to the activity of the beetle extract. The earthworm showed no AChE inhibitory activity. Since unsaturated fatty acids have not been previously reported to have AChE inhibitory activity, a series of related compounds was tested to determine structure-activity relationships. It was found that activity existed where there was a chain length of more than 16 C atoms with at least one unsaturated bond in the chain. The carboxylic acid group was also necessary for activity. The fatty acids present in the centipede also showed the ability to bind copper ions when tested using a novel thin layer chromatography method designed to detect copper-binding compounds. The activities reported give some support to the use of the beetle and centipede in traditional Chinese medicine for improving cognitive functio