Interaction between herbivores and pathogens on plant

Plants are often simultaneously attacked by herbivores and phytopathogens and interactions between these antagonists have consequences for their fitness and also for plant defense. Plant disease leads to modification of plant biochemical processes which alter the host plant choice by herbivores and the availability of their nutritional resources and it induces changes in plant defense responses. Herbivores facilitate the development of plant diseases and their transmission from plant to plant. Mutual antagonism between jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling pathways is believed to be the main cause behind the effects of the interactions. However, according to diverse outcomes from current studies, this theory seems to be oversimplified and thus inapplicable. Effects of the interactions are driven by many more factors, from which the species specificity plays the main role. Despite this, current literature accumulates evidence that these interactions do not multiply damage from the double attack. Subsequent damage is usually more severe within individual organs but is much less severe for overall plant fitness due to the plant's ability to compensate for the losses