Historical droughts in Irish catchments 1767–2016

Recent prolonged dry periods in summer 2018 and spring 2020 have reawakened interest in drought in Ireland, prompting questions regarding historical drought occurrence and potential long-term risks. Employing 250 years of monthly precipitation and flow reconstructions, we investigate historical drought in Irish catchments evaluating the characteristics (number of events, duration, and deficits) of moderate, severe, and extreme droughts as well as the propagation of meteorological to hydrological drought. Using standardized indices, we identify three distinct catchment types. Cluster 1 catchments, located in the wetter northwest are characterized by small areas, low groundwater storage, and the highest frequency of hydrological drought relative to other catchments. Cluster 3 catchments, located in the drier east and southeast have larger areas, greater groundwater storage, the highest frequency of meteorological drought but the least hydrological droughts. However, once established, droughts in Cluster 3 tend to be more persistent with large accumulated deficits. Cluster 2 catchments, located in the southwest and west, are intermediate to Clusters 1 and 3, with hydrological droughts typically of shorter durations, reduced accumulated deficits but greater mean deficits. The most extreme droughts based on accumulated deficits across all catchments occurred in 1803–1806, 1854–1859, 1933–1935, 1944–1945, 1953–1954, and 1975–1977. Although not as severe, droughts in 1887–1888, 1891–1894, and 1971–1974 also appear as significant extremes. Changes in drought characteristics reveal a complex picture with the direction, magnitude, and significance of trends dependent on the accumulation period used to define drought, the period of record analysed, and the reference period used to standardize indices. Of particular note is a tendency towards shorter, more intense meteorological and hydrological droughts. Our findings offer important insight for drought and water management in Ireland given the paucity of extreme droughts in short observed river flow records