A Review on Major Reproductive Diseases and Disorders of Cattle, and Their Ecological Distributions Kept Under Different Management Options

Reproductive diseases and disorders of dairy cattle are global challenges and threats of fertility and reproductive efficiency particularly in developing countries such as Ethiopia. The objective of this review is to summarize and disseminate the fragmented information on major reproductive diseases and disorders of cattle, and their ecological distributions kept under different management options. Although Ethiopia is a home for huge number of cattle, cattle productivity is low due to constraints such as diseases, poor nutrition and poor management. Reproductive diseases and disorders are the major reasons for decreased reproductive efficiency in cattle. Brucellosis is an infectious reproductive and zoonotic disease, and causes heavy economic losses and public health concern throughout the world. The major reproductive diseases and disorders of cattle that have direct impact on reproductive performance and efficiency of dairy cows comprise retained fetal membrane (RFM), repeat breeding, abortion, anestrus, dystocia, vaginal and uterine prolapses, brucellosis and metritis. Prevention of losses due to reproductive disorders is in the prevention of reproductive disorders, not in their treatment. Reproductive diseases and disorders result in culling of animals and disturb cattle herds. Breed, body condition, animal age, parity number and management system are major risk factors for reproductive diseases and disorders. An in-depth study of the reproductive diseases and disorders should be carried out across the different agro-ecologies, seasons of the year and specific cattle genotypes