Cultivation and characterization of a stable Micrarchaeon-Thermoplasmatales coculture

# Abstract Micrarchaeota is a distinctive lineage assigned to the DPANN archaea, which includes poorly characterised microorganisms with reduced genomes that likely depend on interactions with hosts for growth and survival. Here, we report the enrichment of a stable co-culture of a member of the Micrarchaeota (Ca. Micrarchaeum harzensis) together with its Thermoplasmatales host (Ca. Scheffleriplasma hospitalis), as well as the isolation of the latter. We show that symbiont-host interactions depend on biofilm formation as evidenced by growth experiments, comparative transcriptomic analyses and electron microscopy. In addition, genomic, metabolomic, extracellular polymeric substances and lipid content analyses indicate that the Micrarchaeon symbiont relies on the acquisition of metabolites from its host. Our study of the cell biology and physiology of a Micrarchaeon and its host adds to our limited knowledge of archaeal symbioses. # Description of contents of this directory ## 1_Genomes.tar.gz Contains the protein files used for the annotations and to extract certain proteins for phylogenetic analyses. ## 2_Annotations.tar.gz This folder contains the full workflow to annotate the genomes of interest and a jupyter lab book (python3) used for parsing the data. Additionally, this folder contains: 0_Dependencies: Any custom scripts used as well as databases and mapping files (only provided if databases were modified) 1_Input: Output of the annotation workflow as well as any mapping file required by the python3 script to further parse the data 2_Output: Parsed annotation table ## 3_Phylogenies.tar.gz Contains all files generated for the phylogenies of certain lipid genes. These files are provided for the archaea only and the universal analysis (see Methods of the main paper for details). Each folder contains: required scripts and mapping files raw sequences (protein, faa), separate for each lipid gene of interest. These come in individual versions: indiv: sequences for all arcogs final: sequences for arcogs and if several arcogs were assigned to the same COG, these arCOGs were combined into one file. If arCOGs were combined, this is listed in the provided overview table in the main directory. aligned sequences aligned and trimmed sequences output from IQ-TREE PDFs for each individual tre