Shape and size of our universe: challenging the Standard Model of Cosmology

Abstract A recent paper published in a prominent journal has challenged the standard model of cosmology (SMC) from eight different angles. Each of them seriously questions the viability of SMC, and, when viewed together, their indictment against the standard model is utterly sobering. This collection of insurmountable inconsistencies and paradoxes should convince even its most diehard supporters of SMC that a major overhaul of the standard model is inevitable. The paper highlights some of the most glaring conflicts between the standard model and actual observations. The SMC indeed faces serious challenges, and many other scientists have strongly advocated a complete paradigm shift. And when all those papers are considered together, one begins to wonder if the Astronomy and Cosmology community has lost their senses to cling on to a sinking ship. The presently accepted model of a 3 dimensional flat, and infinite universe (as assumed in the SMC) is wrong. A number of recent papers in prestigious journal Nature and elsewhere have strongly suggested that our universe is indeed closed and finite. Cosmologists are confident that they have measured the universe to be (3D) flat using two different methods. Unfortunately, neither method is capable of measuring the extrinsic curvature of a 3D hypersurface. Using the center of mass equation and the Minkowski SpaceTime Equation (MSTE), it is easy to demonstrate the curvature of the universe. Our universe is like the 3D hypersurface of a 4D hypersphere (i.e. our universe is shaped shaped like a hyper-balloon and is expanding). The calculated Hubble constant value (71.002 km/s/Mpc) for its sxpansion rate matches very well with accepted values (69.8 km/s/Mpc and 74 km/s/Mpc measured by two separate methods). Since MSTE and Hubble’s law are both telling the exact same story, it should give us great confidence that the presented model is right. Common objections which were raised against this hyper-balloon model (which was introduced shortly after Hubble’s discovery of an expanding universe) are shown to fail miserably