Deep Learning based Urban Morphology for City-scale Environmental Modeling

The WRF simulations were performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, version 4.2.1. The three nested domains are centered over Chicago, USA, with a spatial resolution of 9, 3, and 1 km for the outermost, middle, and innermost domains. The model was implemented with 42 pressure levels, with the first model level located at 21.2 m and the first 1 km vertical height containing 11 model levels. The initial and boundary conditions are taken from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final Reanalysis dataset at 1 degree spatial and 6-hourly temporal resolution. The physics components include the WRF single moment 6 class for microphysics, Dudhia for shortwave, the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for longwave radiation parameterizations, Bougeault for the planetary boundary layer, Noah for the land surface model, Building Environment Parametrization (BEP) for the urban model, and Grell for the cumulus scheme (only for the outermost domain of 9 km spatial resolution). The LCZs of Chicago, USA, are generated using the crowd-sourcing method. The training dataset, created manually, is obtained from the WUDAPT portal, and random forest classification is applied to Landsat 8 imagery to derive the LCZs for the desired region. The simulations are performed from 1/Jul/2018 00:00 to 7/Jul/2018 06:00, where the first 6 hours are discarded as spin-up time. The Digital Synthetic City (DSC) method uses satellite imagery and global-scale population and elevation data as input to the automatic method for producing a statistically similar and synthetic city-scale 3D urban model as output. The Control simulations use National Land Cover Database land use/land cover with NUDAPT parameters, the three default WRF urban classes, and corresponding UCPs; the WUDAPT uses the MODIS classes with additional urban LCZs and UCPs from Brousse et al. (2016), and the DSC uses the WUDAPT classes with UCPs generated from DSC method. The dataset contains: 1. Output from DSC in Shapefile. 2. WRF model output for the third domain (1 km) spatial resolution domain for (a) NUDAPT or Control (b) WUDAPT or LCZs (c) DS