Utilizing solar energy for the purification of olive mill wastewater using a pilot-scale photocatalytic reactor after coagulation-flocculation

This study investigated the application of a solar-driven advanced oxidation process (solar Fenton) combined with previous coagulation/flocculation, for the treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW) at a pilot scale. Pre-treatment by coagulation/flocculation using FeSO4.7H2O (6.67 g L-1) as the coagulant, and an anionic polyelectrolyte (FLOCAN 23, 0.287 g L-1) as the flocculant, was performed to remove the solid content of the OMW. The solar Fenton experiments were carried out in a compound parabolic collector pilot plant, in the presence of varying doses of H2O2 and Fe2+. The optimization of the oxidation process, using reagents at low concentrations ([Fe2+] = 0.08 g L-1; [H2O2] = 1 g L-1), led to a high COD removal (87%), while the polyphenolic fraction, which is responsible for the biorecalcitrant and/or toxic properties of OMW, was eliminated. A kinetic study using a modified pseudo first-order kinetic model was performed in order to determine the reaction rate constants. This work evidences also the potential use of the solar Fenton process at the inherent pH of the OMW, yielding only a slightly lower COD removal (81%) compared to that obtained under acidic conditions. Moreover, the results demonstrated the capacity of the applied advanced process to reduce the initial OMW toxicity against the examined plant species (Sorghum saccharatum, Lepidium sativum, Sinapis alba), and the water flea Daphnia magna. The OMW treated samples displayed a varying toxicity profile for each type of organism and plant examined in this study, a fact that can potentially be attributed to the varying oxidation products formed during the pro- cess applied. Finally, the overall cost of solar Fenton oxidation for the treatment of 50 m3 of OMW per day was estimated to be 2.11 V m-3.This work was prepared in the framework of the project "Mediterranean Cooperation in the Treatment and Valorisation of Olive Mill Wastewater (MEDOLICO)" which is funded by the European Union under the "ENPI Cross-Border Cooperation Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme". MEDOLICO total budget is 1.9 million Euro and it is co-financed through the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (90%) and national funds of the countries participating in the project (10%). Nireas-International Water Research Center (NEA UPODOMH/STPATH/0308/09) is co-financed by the Republic of Cyprus and the European Regional Development Fund through the Research Promotion Foundation of Cyprus. The authors acknowledge the work performed by Dr. Petri Papaphilippou of the Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus and Nireas-IWRC, for providing technical support