Single-vendor multi-buyer vendor managed inventory with discrete demand and stockout

This paper deals with the operational issues of a two-echelon single-vendor multi-buyer supply chain model under vendor managed inventory (VMI) mode of operation. Considering multiple buyers and assuming unsatisfied demands to be backordered at the buyers are major extensions in this paper. The vendor replenishes a single product to the buyers. The operational parameters of buyers are replenishment frequency, ordering cycle time, replenishment quantity and maximum number of authorised stockout while for the vendor, we consider ordering cycle time and order quantity as the operational parameters. Considering replenishment frequency of each buyer as the major decision variable of the model, the total inventory system cost is stated in terms of the replenishment frequency and other operational parameters are obtained as given equations. Since the objective function of the given model is nonlinear involving several integer variables, two meta-heuristic-based algorithms [i.e., genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA)] are utilised in order to solve the problem; the results indicate that the first algorithm gives better solutions compared with the second.Closed-loop supply chain network design, Competitive location, Contract design, Facility disruptions, Fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm, Heuristic algorithm, Location-allocation problem, Lost sales, Maximal covering location problem, Multi-echelon, NSGA-II, Quota allocation, SCOR, Social responsibility, Supplier selection, Supply chain management, Sustainable supply chain network design, Tabu search, Vendor Managed Inventory