How to diagnose, treat and prevent from hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia?

BABIAK, Rafał, BAJAK, Karolina, CZUCHRYTA, Paulina, DOMAŃSKA, Anastazja, GAWĘDA, Agnieszka, GRABEK, Agata, RUTKOWSKA, Julia, RZĘSA-TOKARCZYK, Żaneta, SKOREK, Klaudia & URBAŃCZYK, Agnieszka. How to diagnose, treat and prevent from hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia? Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;36(1):61-74. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.36.01.007 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/43881 https://zenodo.org/record/8001109 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2023; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 08.05.2023. Revised: 10.05.2023. Accepted: 03.06.2023. Published: 05.06.2023. How to diagnose, treat and prevent from hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia? Jak diagnozować, leczyć i zapobiegać szpitalnemu i respiratorowemu zapaleniu płuc? Rafał Babiak1, Karolina Bajak1, Paulina Czuchryta1, Anastazja Domańska1, Agnieszka Gawęda1, Agata Grabek1, Julia Rutkowska2, Żaneta Rzęsa-Tokarczyk3, Klaudia Skorek1, Agnieszka Urbańczyk2 Rafał Babiak - https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2602-1406, r-babiak@wp.pl Karolina Bajak - https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2486-6388, karolab370@gmail.com Paulina Czuchryta - https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2620-4300, paulinaczuchryta651@gmail.com Anastazja Domańska - https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8332-120X, anastazja.domanska@wp.pl Agnieszka Gawęda - https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6960-1531, agniecha.gaweda@gmail.com Agata Grabek - https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6855-7410, agatag822@gmail.com Julia Rutkowska - https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8606-3680, rutkowska.julia@icloud.com Żaneta Rzęsa-Tokarczyk - https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6161-5160, rzesazaneta@gmail.com Klaudia Skorek - https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9131-1017, k.skorek27@gmail.com Agnieszka Urbańczyk - https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1964-1340, agnieszka_urbanczyk1@wp.pl Wojewódzki Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Stefana Kardynała Wyszyńskiego SPZOZ w Lublinie, Aleja Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Kliniczny nr 1 w Lublinie, ul. Stanisława Staszica 16, 20-400 Lublin Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Ludwika Rydygiera w Krakowie, Osiedle Złotej Jesieni 1, 31-826 Kraków Corresponding author: Rafał Babiak, r-babiak@wp.pl Abstract Introduction and purpose: hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia are common risk factors for morbidity and mortality. They are difficult to diagnose and treat due to the large number of factors that may contribute to the deterioration of the clinical condition of critically ill patients. In this article, the authors summarize the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these diseases based on current guidelines, the latest research and other scientific works. Material and metod: sources available in the PubMed database were analyzed using the following keywords: "pneumonia", "hospital-acquired pneumonia", "ventilator-associated pneumonia", "HAP", "VAP", publications related to the subject of the work were selected and used. Conclusion: A patient with HAP or VAP should undergo non-invasive testing such as blood and sputum cultures and nasal swabs to isolate the pathogen responsible for the infection and to adjust antibiotic therapy. The procalcitonin level can be used in conjunction with the clinical assessment to assess the adjustment of the duration of treatment. Patients with HAP or VAP who are immunocompromised, haemodynamically unstable, or cannot be sampled from the lower respiratory tract for microbiological testing should be treated with empiric antibiotics based on individual risk factors and antibiotic resistance. Keywords: pneumonia; hospital-acquired pneumonia; ventilator-associated pneumonia; HAP; VA