Apolojiden Apolojetiğe: Erken Dönem Hıristiyan Kelam Ekolleri

Christianity spread rapidly in the process when it broke away from Judaism and became a separate religion. It has gained an important supporter mass in the settlements around the Mediterranean, including Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Anatolia, Italy and North Africa. During this expansion, it was frequently exposed to the pressures of the Roman Empire, and due to the pressures experienced, it had to go underground and continue its spread in the form of an underground movement. These conditions caused Christianity to encounter different beliefs and cultures and to be greatly influenced by them, before it could form its own understanding of theology, beliefs, worship and rituals. In this process, Christianity developed an understanding quite different from Judaism in many subjects and transformed into today's institutional form by being shaped by ideas and works expressed in apologetic character which discussion, refutation and justification. The most important breaking point of this construction is the period from the birth of Jesus, which we can describe as the early period, to the Third Istanbul Council, where the last serious discussions were held, until the beginning of the eighth century. This period is also analyzed by dividing it into parts in terms of the quality and function of the views put forward in it. Accordingly, the developmental stage of today's official Christianity, A.C. The early period, which covers the period up to 800 A.C., can be considered on the one hand in terms of the chronological church history of the early period, and on the other hand, in terms of the early apologetic Christian schools, which are made by prioritizing the central importance of the discussions. By applying mostly the second qualitative method, in our study, which we call “From Apology to Apologetics: Early Christian Apologetic Schools” in chronological terms, we will try to reveal the basic views and points of difference of the schools of the period from both perspectives. Our research consists of four main parts: “Alexandria School”, “Gnostic Christian School”, “Antioch School” and “Monophysitis-Dyophysite Distinction”. It is expected that the study will take attention to this area and lead to new scientific studies