Parallelism in endocarp form sheds light on fruit syndrome evolution in Viburnum

All Viburnum species produce drupes with a hardened endocarp surrounding a single seed. Endocarp form varies greatly within Viburnum, and differences in shape have long been used to distinguish major subclades. Here we trace the evolution of Viburnum endocarp shape using morphometric analyses and phylogenies for 115 Viburnum species. Endocarp measurements were obtained from fruits sampled from herbarium specimens and from field collections, and shapes were analyzed using elliptical Fourier analysis. We infer that the first viburnums had flattened and grooved endocarps. Subsequently, there were multiple losses of grooving in conjunction with shifts to both highly flattened and nearly round endocarps. In several clades the parallel evolution of a derived endocarp shape was accompanied by changes in a suite of other fruit traits, yielding distinctive fruit syndromes likely related to bird dispersal. However, in other clades endocarp shapes similar to the ancestral form have been retained while other fruit traits (color, amount of flesh, nutritional content) have diverged. We quantify cases of parallel evolution in endocarp shape that cut across recognized fruit syndromes such as red, carbohydrate rich fruits with flattened endocarps or blue, lipid rich fruits with round endocarps. Our analyses now invite studies of function and the selective factors that have yielded the distinctive suites of fruit and seed traits that distinguish the major Viburnum lineages.Funding provided by: National Science FoundationCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001Award Number: DEB1145606Funding provided by: National Science FoundationCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001Award Number: OAC1828163Sequence data were collected for 10 gene regions, nine plastid regions (matK, ndhF, petB-petD, psbA-trnH, rbcL, rpl32-trnL, trnC-ycf6, trnK, trnS-trnG) and the nuclear ribosomal intergenic spacer region (ITS). Sequences were aligned using MUSCLE v 3.8.31, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis under maximum likelihood using Garli v 2.0 and using Bayesian Inference using MrBayes v 3.2.6. Morphological data were collected from digitized images of seed cross sections or digitized Camera Lucida drawings. Measurements included seed length, width, and height. Height was measured as perceived and actual height of the seed. Volume was calculated using the equation for the volume of an ellipsoid (4/3πabc) with the length (a), width (b), and perceived height (c) measurements