A Detailed Review Study on Energy/Power Efficient Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Abstract: In ocean traveling applications, such as ocean tracking, harmful substances detection, sea activity of the capital, etc., Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) have become more important. The peculiar features and movement of underwater acoustic channels galvanized the development of the routing protocols for underwater settings in order to establish the underwater applications possible. In the last two decades, various routing methods have been introduced and strategies introduced to achieve the network's energy efficiency and lifespan. This survey paper classifies all routing protocols into different classes and classifies routing strategies according to their properties. The main focus of this paper is on two different types of protocols: spatial protocols for routing and (ii) hybrid protocols for routing. In addition, some protocol offers network lifetime, end-to-end delay, and supply ratio for development of USN routing protocols. The protocols also say various types of techniques for achieving energy efficiency in specific underwater sensor network situations