Gene Variants and Epigenetics That Lead to Gender Dysphoria

ABSTRACT: These days, the rate of gender dysphoria among transgender individuals has increased drastically. Gender dysphoria is a significant issue affecting every aspect of individuals’ daily activities. It induces significant stress and might eventually cause an impairment. Historically, the etiology of gender dysphoria solely focused on the anatomical aspect, mentioning that men’s and women’s brains are distinct. However, it is now believed to be multifactorial, and emerging researchers are trying to shed light on both brain structures and genes that might contribute to gender dysphoria. To explore the possible etiologies of gender dysphoria, this paper reviews the evidence of how epigenetics contributes to gender dysphoria. The basis includes the role of sex-determining genes, anatomical differences among various populations, epigenetics, and mutation of the RYR3 gene. Epigenetics focuses solely on CpGs methylation. Thus far, these mechanisms could not wholly explain the exact mechanism causing gender dysphoria; therefore, additional research is required to disclose this information. Ultimately, understanding the mechanism of gender dysphoria will promote a better quality of life for individuals experiencing gender dysphoria