Parkinson's disease - a significant neurological challenge. Current knowledge of etiology, diagnosis and treatment

BEDNARZ, Lucjan, WOŚ, Natalia, BIALIC, Kinga, BIALIC, Artur, BAKALARCZYK, Rafał, MAJEWSKI, Paweł, SZALA-CZERWONKA, Karolina, WIJAS, Karolina, REJMER, Adrian & ROJEK, Katarzyna. Parkinson’s disease - a significant neurological challenge. Current knowledge of etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;35(1):81-93. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.35.01.007 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/43823 https://zenodo.org/record/7988997 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2023; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 03.05.2023. Revised: 10.05.2023. Accepted: 29.05.2023. Published: 31.05.2023. Parkinson's disease - a significant neurological challenge. Current knowledge of etiology, diagnosis and treatment Lucjan Bednarz Uniwersytecki Szpital Kliniczny im. Fryderyka Chopina w Rzeszowie, ul. Szopena 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland ORCID 0009-0001-3213-3508 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3213-3508 e-mail: lfbednarz@gmail.com Natalia Woś Uniwersytecki Szpital Kliniczny im. Fryderyka Chopina w Rzeszowie, ul. Szopena 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland ORCID 0009-0002-9212-2664 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9212-2664 e-mail: natalia5wos@gmail.com Artur Bialic Kliniczny Szpital Wojewódzki Nr 2 im. Św. Jadwigi Królowej w Rzeszowie, ul. Lwowska 60, 35-301 Rzeszów, Poland ORCID 0009-0008-9148-8801 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9148-8801 e-mail: abialic@op.pl Kinga Bialic Kliniczny Szpital Wojewódzki Nr 2 im. Św. Jadwigi Królowej w Rzeszowie, ul. Lwowska 60, 35-301 Rzeszów, Poland ORCID 0009-0009-4029-5919 https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4029-5919 e-mail: bialic.kin@gmail.com Rafał Bakalarczyk Wojewódzki Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Stefana Kardynała Wyszyńskiego Samodzielny Publiczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej w Lublinie, Al. Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin, Poland ORCID 0009-0008-8788-8503 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8788-8503 e-mail: rmbak8@gmail.com Paweł Majewski Wojewódzki Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Stefana Kardynała Wyszyńskiego Samodzielny Publiczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej w Lublinie, Al. Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin, Poland ORCID 0009-0000-4624-3129 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4624-3129 e-mail: pawmaj7@interia.pl Karolina Szala-Czerwonka Uniwersytecki Szpital Kliniczny im. Fryderyka Chopina w Rzeszowie, ul. Szopena 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland ORCID 0009-0001-8545-9237 https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8545-9237 e-mail: k.szala97@gmail.com Karolina Wijas Samodzielny Publiczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej w Świdniku, ul. Aleja Lotników Polskich 18, 21-040 Świdnik, Poland ORCID 0009-0000-7776-8446 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7776-8446 e-mail: k.wijas21@gmail.com Adrian Rejmer Samodzielny Publiczny Zespół Zakładów Opieki Zdrowotnej w Kozienicach, Al. Gen. Wł. Sikorskiego 10 26-900 Kozienice, Poland ORCID 0000-0002-1248-4941 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1248-4941 e-mail: ziomek00718@gmail.com Katarzyna Rojek Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Kliniczny Nr 4 w Lublinie, ul. Doktora Kazimierza Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland ORCID 0009-0004-3691-3669 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3691-3669 e-mail: katarzyna1rojek@gmail.com Abstrakt Introduction: Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, affecting several million people worldwide. In the current diagnosis, the most important thing is to watch for individual symptoms, which appear at different stages of the disease and can worsen over time. The wide variation in symptoms may suggest that they are the result of other diseases. It is a disease with an unknown underlying cause, and is incurable. Aim of the study: Summary of current knowledge regarding diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Material and methods: Review of articles from the PubMed database using the following terms: “Parkinson's disease”, “diagnosis”, “treatment”, “genetics”, “levodopa”, ”α-synuclein”. Results: The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is still based on the clinical picture of the patient. In recent years, research has been underway to develop new biomarkers for the disease that would allow faster detection. The treatment used is based on delaying the progression of the disease and its symptoms. Treatment mainly involves levodopa with carbidopa and drugs to reduce the severity of individual symptoms, in some cases surgical methods are used. Conclusions: Parkinson's disease poses a challenge to doctors because of its unknown cause and incurability. In recent years, a lot of new information has emerged about factors contributing to its onset, such as genetic factors. Treatment, which is mainly based on pharmacotherapy, should be enriched to a greater extent with physical activity adapted by specialists, physiotherapy treatments and also speech exercises, with the aim of making it easier to cope with bothersome symptoms and improve daily life. Keywords: “Parkinson's disease”, “diagnosis”, “treatment