Eco-friendly gelatin films with rosin-grafted cellulose nanocrystals for antimicrobial packaging

We report on gelatin films incorporating rosin-grafted cellulose nanocrystals (r-CNCs), which fulfill the most relevant requirements for antimicrobial packaging applications. Transparent gelatin/r-CNCs bionanocomposite films (0.5–6 wt% r-CNCs) were obtained by solution casting and displayed high UV-barrier properties, which were superior to the most used plastic packaging films. The gelatin/r-CNCs films exhibited a moderate water vapor permeability (0.09 g mm/m2 h kPa), and high tensile strength (40 MPa) and Young's modulus (1.9 GPa). The r-CNCs were more efficient in improving the optical, water vapor barrier and tensile properties of gelatin films than conventional CNCs. Grafting of rosin on CNCs resulted in an antimicrobial nanocellulose that inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial properties of r-CNCs were sustained in the gelatin films, as demonstrated by agar diffusion tests and proof-of-principle experiments involving cheese storage. Overall, the incorporation of r-CNCs as active fillers in gelatin films is a suitable approach for producing novel eco-friendly, antimicrobial packaging materials.This research was made possible thanks to the facilities of the Laboratory of Pulp and Paper 479 Science and Graphic Arts (LGP2) that is part of the LabEx Tec 21 (Investissements d'Avenir - grant 480 agreement n°ANR-11-LABX-0030) and of PolyNat Carnot Institute (Investissements d'Avenir - 481 grant agreement n° ANR-16-CARN-0025- 0), and Plant Macromolecule Research Center 482 (CERMAV) for the support to this work. This study was financed in part by CNPq, SISNANO 26 483 (MCTI), FINEP, Embrapa AgroNano research network (Embrapa), Coordenação de 484 Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) [Finance Code 001] and by the 485 São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [grant numbers 2016/03080-2, 2017/18725-2 and 486 2018/00278-2, 2018/10899-4, 2018/22214-6, 2018/18953-8]. We would like to thank Berthine 487 Khelifi , Cécile Sillard and Thierry Encinas from Grenoble Institute of Technology for their 488 expertise in providing SEM imaging, XPS and XRD analyses, respectively