Estimation of the Flexibility Range in the Transmission-Distribution Boundary

Smart grids provide additional capabilities for the observability and controllability of the distribution grid. The Distribution System Operators are investing in a new Information and Communications Technology infrastructure that provides bi-directional control over small/medium-scale distributed generation and Distributed Energy Resources connected to the MV and LV grids. In this paradigm, new market players, such as flexibility operators or aggregators, are emerging in several countries. Furthermore, the classical tap-changing control of the DSO is also another type of flexibility that can be requested by the Transmission System Operator to solve voltage problems close to the transmission/distribution boundary