Comparison of Different Machine Learning Models in Prediction of Postirradiation Recurrence in Prostate Carcinoma Patients

Abstract After primary treatment of localized prostate carcinoma (PC), up to a third of patients have disease recurrence. Different predictive models have already been used either for initial stratification of PC patients or to predict disease recurrence. Recently, artificial intelligence has been introduced in the diagnosis and management of PC with a potential to revolutionize this field. The aim of this study was to analyze machine learning (ML) classifiers in order to predict disease progression in the moment of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) elevation during follow-up. The study cohort consisted of 109 PC patients treated with external beam radiotherapy alone or in combination with androgen deprivation therapy. We developed and evaluated the performance of two ML algorithms based on artificial neural networks (ANN) and naïve Bayes (NB). Of all patients, 72.5% was randomly selected for a training set while the remaining patients were used for testing of the models. The presence/absence of disease progression was defined as the output variable. The input variables for models were conducted from the univariate analysis preformed among two groups of patients in the training set. They included two pretreatment variables (UICC stage and Gleason’s score risk group) and five posttreatment variables (nadir PSA, time to nadir PSA, PSA doubling time, PSA velocity, and PSA in the moment of disease reevaluation). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and predictive accuracy was calculated to test the models’ performance. The results showed that specificity was similar for both models, while NB achieved better sensitivity then ANN (100.0% versus 94.4%). The ANN showed an accuracy of 93.3%, and the matching for NB model was 96.7%. In this study, ML classifiers have shown potential for application in routine clinical practice during follow-up when disease progression was suspected.This study is supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Agreement No. 451-03-9/2021-14/200043; grant No. III41031). MC is supported by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia (PROMIS TRACEPIGEN project No. 6060876)