NESTORE D5.1 Definition of Intervention Techniques

This document represents the first deliverable D5.1 (Definition of Intervention Techniques) of WP5 (NESTORE Virtual Coach) and contains the main results of discussions and activities performed during Task 5.1 (Definition of Intervention Techniques and Coaching Strategies). In Chapter 2 of this document we summarize seven behaviour change models (BCM) that are frequently used as general theoretical frameworks in health psychology: (1) Theory of Reasoned Action, (2) Theory of Planned Behaviour, (3) Health Belief Model, (4) Protection Motivation Theory, (5) Social Cognitive Theory, (6) Transthoretical Model or Stages of Change Model, and (7) Health Action Process Approach (HAPA). Within the review of these BCMs, we provide an overview of these common theoretical models of how changes in individuals’ (health) behaviours can be predicted and outline that we have selected the HAPA as a theoretical framework for the NESTORE coach because it is one of the only BCMs that specifically addresses the intention-behaviour gap. A wide range of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) has been described in the literature, and recent work has focused on how these can be implemented using digital and technological approaches. In Chapter 3 we first describe intervention strategies (i.e. BCTs and general coaching strategies for health and well-being) and how specific intervention strategies can be implemented in the different NESTORE domains. In Chapter 4 we first provide an overview on how e-coaching interventions have been implemented in the past to change health-related behaviour of older adults. Then, we provide an extensive and systematic review on e-coaching interventions targeting or containing aspects of physical activity, nutrition, social relations, cognitive activity, and, to some extent, emotional well-being. A total of 27 articles were included in the quantitative analysis and the architecture and design of the e-coaching as well as the results of these studies (where reported) are discussed with regards to the type of coaching and companionship, the theoretical frameworks (BCMs) which underlie the e-coaching strategies, the type of BCTs or coaching activities in general that were used for targeting the specific NESTORE domains, as well as the e-coaching system architecture. In Chapter 5 we give an overview on how the NESTORE coaching system will be implemented. In the first section, we describe how the HAPA model components can be mapped onto common and empirically shown to be effective BCT, although there has been a lack of integration of theoretical models in describing BCT and a lack of clear identification of BCT in individual theories of behaviour change in the past. We further describe the architecture, monitoring, data processing, delivery interface and coaching activity strategy of the NESTORE e-coaching based on the e-coaching strategies described in Chapter 4. This is followed by an example of a coaching journey (i.e., improving well-being as pathway choice) in NESTORE as well as the definition of the process of co-designing coaching activities, that is, how both participants and domain experts co-design the pathway choice process in an integrative manner. Finally, Chapter 5 closes with recommendations for WP5 and the integration with other WPs. Chapter 6 provides a short conclusion based on our discussion and synthesis of behaviour change models, techniques and previous eHealth and eCoaching approaches and the suggested implementation in NESTOR