Closing the Cell-to-Module Efficiency Gap: A Fully Laser Scribed Perovskite Minimodule With 16% Steady-State Aperture Area Efficiency

Organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells show increasing power conversion efficiencies, approaching the values of silicon-based devices. To date, however, most of the reported record efficiencies for perovskite solar devices are obtained on single cells with active areas significantly below 1 cm2. Hence, demonstrating highly efficient devices with an upscaled active area is one of the key challenges faced by this technology. Here, we demonstrate the successful use of thin-film laser patterning techniques to produce 14 cm2 modules with steady-state aperture area efficiencies as high as 16% and a geometrical fill factor of 92%.The project comprising this work is evaluated by the Swiss National Science Foundation and supported in part by Nano-Tera.ch and in part by the NRP 70 "Energy Turnaround" Program with financing from the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Swiss Federal Office of Energy, under Grant SI/501072-01. This work was also supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant No. 653296 (CHEOPS)