A hotspot of groundwater amphipod diversity on a crossroad of evolutionary radiations

Supplementary data to article entitled A hotspot of groundwater amphipod diversity on a crossroad of evolutionary radiations Groundwater harbours an exceptional fauna and provides invaluable ecosystem services, yet is among the least explored and consequently least protected ecosystems. Successful protection of its biodiversity depends on complete species inventories, knowledge of species spatial distribution, and quantification of biodiversity patterns, as well as disentanglement of the processes that shaped biodiversity patterns. We studied the hyper-speciose amphipod genus Niphargus as a model system within a global subterranean biodiversity hotspot, the Western Balkans (Europe). We linked the biodiversity patterns with possible underlying processes and discuss the needs to include information on different origins of biodiversity into conservation approaches. We analysed biodiversity patterns of Niphargus using two biodiversity metrics, species richness and phylogenetic diversity, on a grid-based approach. To account for high cryptic diversity, we replaced nominal species with taxonomic units identified in unilocus delimitations (MOTUs). We built a time-calibrated multilocus phylogeny of 512 Niphargus MOTUs from within and outside the study area, and calculated Faith's phylogenetic diversity, standardized effect sizes of phylogenetic diversity, and residual of phylogenetic diversity regressed onto species richness. Within the study area, we recognized 245 MOTUs, belonging to different Niphargus clades. Species richness is highest in a north-western hotspot, although some species-rich cells were detected also in the south-east. High phylogenetic diversity coincides with high species richness in the north-west, while in the south-east it is lower than expected. We have shown that species richness does not predictably correlate with phylogenetic diversity. This difference suggests that different processes have led to the formation of species-rich areas in the Western Balkans: through a combination of dispersal and speciation in the north-west, and local radiation in the south-east, respectively. This calls for caution in conservation strategies relying solely on number of species and may change the view on conservation priorities within this region. The dataset includes R-script, together with all raw data needed to reproduce the analyses: File "beast_analysis.xml" includes alignments and settings used for BEAST2 analysis. R script "20220124_niphargus_wbalkans.R" includes the code used in production of diversity pattern analyses. To run the script set working directory (commented) and unzip the "data" folder in the working directory. Folder "data.zip" includes raw data needed to run the script: species_occurence.csv, map shape files and beast.tree file.Funding provided by: Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RSCrossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number: J1‐2464Funding provided by: Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RSCrossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number: P1‐0184Funding provided by: Universitätsspital ZürichCrossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number: URPP GCBFunding provided by: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungCrossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number: IZK0Z3_169642Funding provided by: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungCrossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number: PP00P3_17908