Unexpected high COI divergence between Balkan and Anatolian lineages of Merodon ambiguus and Merodon sapphous (Diptera, Syrphidae)

Merodon ambiguus Bradescu, 1986 and M. sapphous Vujić, Pérez-Bañon et adenković, 2007 belong to the M. bessarabicus subgroup of the M. aureus species group. The M. aureus species group has been intensively revised during the last years. Cryptic species complexes within the group were resolved using an integrative taxonomic approach. The single information source on genetic diversity of these complexes is the mitochondrial gene for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, or COI. The COI gene is widely accepted as an appropriate marker for species delimitation studies, although no universal or constant threshold value for species delimitation exists. In this study, we aimed to estimate COI sequence divergence among Balkan and Anatolian lineages of M. ambiguus and M. sapphous species in order to check for cryptic speciation. The resulting distance estimation indicates high COI divergence between Balkan and Anatolian lineages in both species. Such high COI divergence corresponds to species group divergence and might indicate the presence of cryptic species. Despite high divergence between lineages of the same species, COI divergence between Balkan lineage of M. ambiguus and Anatolian lineage of M. sapphous, as well as Balkan lineage of M. sapphous and Anatolian lineage of M. ambiguus, is unexpectedly low and correspond to intraspecies or closely related species divergence level. In order to discover the cause of this inconsistency we employ additional mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers and evaluate their levels of variability and potential utility in species delimitation studies.This study was funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia Grant Nos. OI173002 and III43002, the Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development (0601-504/3), H2020 Project "ANTA E " (664387) and the Entomological ociety of Helsinki (100-year anniversary grant)