Supplementary Material - Mild heat stress induced adaptive immune response in blood mononuclear cells and leukocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes of primiparous lactating Holstein cows

Hotter and drier summers as consequences of climate change have a dramatic impact on livestock health and productivity. Here, we demonstrate that high ambient temperatures induced physiological signs of heat stress and increased acute-phase response with enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the local and systemic immunity reflecting an adaptive response to heat stress. In mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), the increase in TNFA and INFG gene expression was partly induced by TLR2 signaling. However, chemokine trafficking between the gut and MLN was not boosted. These results emphasize the importance of immunohomeostasis during heat stress.Funding: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ German Research Foundation, grant number KO 5972/2-