Epidemic process of tularemia in the world and in the south of Ukraine

Jurtubaeva G., Savchuk A., Kozishkurt O., Gerasimenko O., Gaidei V., Kostolonova L. Epidemic process of tularemia in the world and in the south of Ukraine. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(1):503-513. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.01.042 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/40819 https://zenodo.org/record/7308753 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 1, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 1 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe:Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.01.2022. Revised: 21.01.2022. Accepted: 31.01.2022. EPIDEMIC PROCESS OF TULAREMIA IN THE WORLD AND IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE G. Jurtubaeva, A. Savchuk, O. Kozishkurt, O. Gerasimenko, V. Gaidei, L. Kostolonova The Odessa National Medical University, Ukraine Abstract Present day tularemia prevalence in the world and in Ukraine is described as well as the current epidemic and epizootic situation in various regions. The mechanisms of transmission of the pathogen are discussed. The causative agent of tularemia Francisella subsp. tularensis is one of the most virulent microorganisms of the highest priority (category "A"). This can be used as a biological weapon, and so poses a real threat to the humanity’s security. Human infection occurs as a result of bites by infected blood-sucking arthropods (mosquitoes, thrips, ticks), consumption of rodent-contaminated food and water, inhalation of air-dust aerosol from diseased rodents contaminated with the pathogen, and also after direct contact with infected animals (hunting, caring for pets, carcass processing). Isolates of the most virulent for humans and animals subspecies F. tularensis subsp. tularensis circulate only in North America. The less virulent subspecies F. tularensis subsp. Holarctica circulates in North America, Europe, Asia (Japan), Australia (including Tasmania). The wide distribution of this subspecies in the world is due to its ability to exist in the aquatic environment. In most European countries, the terrestrial cycle of existence of the tularemia microbe is dominant, in the body of small mammals and carriers of the pathogen - mosquitoes, ticks, and whiteflies. The main clinical form of tularemia is ulcerative-bubonic, it is quite easily diagnosed, infection occurs as a result of bites by infected blood-sucking arthropods. Anginal-bubonic and gastrointestinal forms are diagnosed in hot countries, they are associated with the consumption of food and water contaminated by rodents. In the nearest future the worsening of tularemia epidemic situation in various regions of the world is predicted due to the activation of enzootic centers and lack of vaccination of risk groups persons and the population of endemic areas. Key words: tularemia; morbidity; epidemic situation; epizootic situation