From Constructionist to Constructivist A.I.

The development of artificial intelligence systems has to date been largely one of manual labor. This Constructionist approach to A.I. has resulted in a diverse set of isolated solutions to relatively small problems. Small success stories of putting these pieces together in robotics, for example, has made people optimistic that continuing on this path would lead to artificial general intelligence. This is unlikely. “The A.I. problem” has been divided up without much guidance from science or theory, resulting in a fragmentation of the research community and a set of grossly incompatible approaches. Standard software development methods come with serious limitations in scaling; in A.I. the Constructionist approach results in systems with limited domain appli- cation and severe performance brittleness. Genuine integration, as required for general intelligence, is therefore practically and theoretically precluded. Yet go- ing beyond current A.I. systems requires significantly more complex integration than attempted to date, especially regarding transversal functions such as atten- tion and learning. The only way to address the challenge is replacing top-down architectural design as a major development methodology with methods focus- ing on self-generated code and self-organizing architectures. I call this Constructivist A.I., in reference to the self-constructive principles on which it must be based. Methodologies employed for Constructivist A.I. will be very different from today’s software development methods. In this paper I describe the argument in detail and examine some of the implications of this impending paradigm shift