On the occurrence of lateral openings and fossae (pleurocoels) in the thoracic vertebrae of neornithine birds and their functional significance

Abstract The occurrence of lateral openings and pleurocoels (lateral fossae) in the corpus of the thoracic vertebrae of extant and fossil neornithine birds is reviewed, with both features having been identified as osteological correlates of the avian pulmonary system. Openings mainly occur in larger species with a high overall bone pneumatization but do not seem to serve for the passage of lung or air sac diverticula. Pleurocoels, on the other hand, are not directly related to pneumatic features and constitute a plesiomorphic trait that was widespread in Mesozoic non-neornithine birds. It is noted that an inverse correlation exists between the occurrence of pleurocoels and the pneumatization of the humerus, with pleurocoels being mainly found in extant and fossil taxa, in which the humerus is not pneumatized by diverticula of the clavicular air sac. Here it is hypothesized that pleurocoels primarily serve to increase the structural resistance of the vertebral body and were reduced multiple times in neornithine birds. In some taxa, their reduction may be related to the development of the furcula, which assists ventilation of the clavicular and cervical air sacs and may thereby contribute to the pneumatization of both, the humerus and the thoracic vertebrae. If so, Mesozoic non-neornithine birds, which had a rigid furcula with massive shafts as well as non-pneumatic humeri and pronounced pleurocoels, are likely to have differed in functional aspects of their air sac system from extant birds