Gynecomastia - a literature review of management, diagnosis and treatment

SZUMLAS, Zuzanna, JUREK, Aleksander, MROZEK, Łukasz, KLOCEK, Konrad, ZWOLSKI, Maciej, PUCHALSKI, Krzysztof, KOSTECKI, Bartosz and HAJDUK, Aleksandra. Gynecomastia - a literature review of management, diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;35(1):147-159. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.35.01.011 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/44868 https://zenodo.org/record/8206619 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of 17.07.2023 No. 32318. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 17.07.2023 Lp. 32318. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2023; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.07.2023. Revised:30.07.2023. Accepted: 31.07.2023. Published: 08.08.2023. Gynecomastia - a literature review of management, diagnosis and treatment Zuzanna Szumlas1, Aleksander Jurek2, Łukasz Mrozek3, Konrad Klocek4, Maciej Zwolski5, Krzysztof Puchalski6, Bartosz Kostecki7, Aleksandra Hajduk8 1 LUX MED Sp. z o.o., ul. Postępu 21C, 02-676 Warszawa 2 UCK WUM Szpital Kliniczny Dzieciątka Jezus, ul. Lindleya 4, 02-005 Warszawa 3 Samodzielny Publiczny Specjalistyczny Szpital Zachodni im. Św. Jana Pawła II, ul. Daleka 11, 05-825 Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Poland 4 Górnośląskie Centrum Medyczne im. prof. Leszka Gieca Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach, Ziołowa 45-47, 40-635 Katowice 5 Szpital św. Elżbiety w Katowicach ul. Warszawska 52, 40-008 Katowice 6 Samodzielny Publiczny Zespół Zakładów Opieki Zdrowotnej im. Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego w Płońsku, 09-100 Płońsk, ul. Henryka Sienkiewicza 7 7 SP ZOZ Szpital Wielospecjalistyczny w Jaworznie, Józefa Chełmońskiego 28, 43-600 Jaworzno 8 Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warszawa Introduction and Purpose: Gynecomastia is a common clinical problem that can also be a symptom of many serious disorders. The aim of this study is to analyze the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, as well as pharmacological and surgical treatment, while also addressing the psychological aspect of the condition. State of Knowledge: Gynecomastia is the development of noncancerous breast tissue in males. It can occur unilaterally or bilaterally and may cause pain. It can be a natural occurrence during infancy, adolescence, and and in older age. It is usually accompanied by an imbalance between estrogens and androgens. Hormonal disorders lead to the growth of stromal and ductal proliferation. In the diagnostic process, the most important aspect is establishing the cause of the condition, allowing for the implementation of appropriate treatment. Gynecomastia can cause a decrease in quality of life, depression, anxiety, and reduced self-esteem. Conclusions: Gynecomastia is a complex condition that requires an individualized approach to the patient. It can be a side effect of medication use, result from an underlying disease, or occur idiopathically. Surgical treatment forms the basis of the therapeutic process. Currently, combined surgical techniques are most commonly used to achieve the best cosmetic effect. Keywords: gynecomastia, hormonal imbalance, adolescent gynecomastia, hormonal treatmen