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I want to take this opportunity to thank the contributors to this symposium for their astute comments, which have informed my views of these topics and—I suspect—will also inform the views of many readers. I shall not attempt to address every issue that has arisen, but rather will address only those issues that seem to bear centrally upon my thesis. These comments will be divided across three areas: case study research, large-N observational research, and the larger topic of uncertainty (encompassing both)