Data from: Defence versus defence: are crucian carp trading off immune function against predator-induced morphology?

1. Numerous species adopt inducible defence strategies, i.e. they have phenotypically plastic traits that decrease the risk of capture and consumption by potential predators. The benefits of expressing alternative phenotypes in high- versus low-risk environments are well documented. However, inducible anti-predator traits are also expected to incur costs, as they are not expressed when predators are absent, yet empirical evidence of such costs remains scarce. 2. Virtually all animals in nature are simultaneously under strong selection to evade both capture by predators and infection by parasites or pathogens, and, hence, display a diverse arsenal of defences to combat these threats, raising the possibility of trade-offs between defences. A classic example of a predator-induced morphological defence is the deep-bodied shape of crucian carp that reduces risk of predation from gape-size limited predators. The goal of this study was to examine if predator exposure affects also immune function in crucian carp, and if the degree of expressed morphological defence is traded off against immune function in individuals. 3. Following exposure to manipulations of perceived risk (predator presence/absence) in a long-term experiment (eight months), key aspects of innate immune function and individual differences in the expression of inducible morphological defence were quantified. 4. Predator-exposed individuals showed lower haptoglobin levels and complement activity, but higher natural antibody titres than fish from predator-free conditions. When experimentally challenged with a mimicked bacterial infection (LPS injection), fish reared in the presence of a natural predator showed a weaker immune response. Moreover, among predator-exposed individuals, the magnitude of morphological defence expression correlated with both baseline immune function and the ability to mount an immune response. However, these relationships were not consistently supportive of a general trade-off among defences. 5. Our results suggest that fish exposed to predators on average reduce investment in immune function and, further, the observed relationships among defences in predator-exposed individuals can best be explained from individual fitness and pace-of-life perspectives.Data on morphology and immune function variables in predator-exposed and predator-free crucian carpData defence versus defence.xls