Report on the methodology for the inclusion of hard-to-reach groups

This deliverable provides an overview of academic and practice-oriented literature on hard-to-reach groups and puts it in the context of LOOPER. The inclusion of hard-to-reach groups can greatly contribute to the success of a public participation or co-creation process, but engaging these groups is not a straightforward exercise. It is difficult to define who is hard-to-reach, as there is no universally accepted definition. Moreover, the term ‘hard-to-reach’ implies a homogeneity within a distinct group that does not necessarily exist. Nevertheless, there seems to be consensus among researchers that hard-to-reach groups are often characterised by their lower socio-economic status and isolation from mainstream channels of communication. However, the make-up of these groups depends on the local context. While there is no silver-bullet that will result in the engagement of hard-to-reach groups, this document identifies strategies that can increase the participation of those groups. These strategies include gaining a foothold within a community (e.g. by attending neighbourhood activities), using pre-existing community networks and organisations (e.g. by working with schools), and communicating through ethnic media. Knowing who is hard-to-reach and designing a strategy on how to reach them are first steps towards an inclusive participation process. However, it is of crucial importance to clearly communicate why the hard-to-reach groups should participate. People need to see the relevance of the process to their lives and need to be kept engaged throughout the entire participatory process