Deliverable 3.10 Final implementation of the observing system: Greenland

This document Final implementation of the observing system: Data delivery and report on results of the observing systems for the Coastal Greenland, describes the final results and future perspectives, including data accessibility, of INTAROS WP3 Task 3.1 for the Coastal Greenland reference site, which is identified as a key location for freshwater output from the Greenland ice sheet to the ocean. The work reported here describes a range of improvements on our monitoring capabilities for the entire journey of the freshwater flux from the Greenland ice sheet, through the fjords and into the ocean, including its impact on the marine ecosystem. Below is a short summary of the results reported by each partner in Task 3.1 of INTAROS. GEUS: Data on snow water equivalent (SWE) successfully retrieved from SnowFox instruments and processed from four sites co-located with PROMICE weather stations, power supply issues were identified, and mitigation measures taken. High-precision vertical and horizontal positional data was successfully retrieved from the new GNSS unit, capable of recording e.g., ice ablation by accurately recording changes in elevation. The deployment successfully tested a range of possible issues and a modified version of the device has already been implemented for landslide monitoring. A rugged, precise and low-power tilt and azimuth sensor was developed and tested in the lab. Field test deployment is ongoing.Corrected rain datasets from the ice sheet have been successfully retrieved and compared to results from regional climate models and reanalysis products. All the demonstrated measurements above will be rolled out for additional PROMICE, GC-Net and GEM weather stations over the coming years and data made openly available through their respective databases. AU: Two years of CTD data so far successfully retrieved from the marine instruments deployed in Aug 2018 and again in 2019, with a third year expected by Aug 2021. It is planned to continue this monitoring as a part of the GEM monitoring programme. SurfacebpCO2and carbonate parameters were observed during two coastal cruises in West Greenland 2016 and East Greenland 2018, respectively, to study the impact of freshening on CO2-uptake of the ocean, yielding 746 observations of the pCO2in the upper 50 m distributed among 120 stations. FMI: Laboratory instrumentation and procedures to characterize the thermal and angular response of pyranometers, to increase the accuracy of the solar irradiance and albedo measurements were successfully applied to CNR1 and CNR4 net-radiometers of the PROMICE network. The method is expected to be applied to similar radiometers of the PROMICE, GC-Net and GEM monitoring networks in the future. UPM: Test flights delivered 200 km of good radar profiles over ice, proving the concept of the new helicopter-borne radar system in the field. The processed radar profiles have successfully yielded bedrock returns in usually difficult glaciological settings near glacier fronts, although partly disrupted by occurrence of meltwater and reflections off nearby nunataks. CNRS-Takuvik: More than 1900 profiles have been acquired so far with unprecedented sets of data with series measured under ice during wintertime. Takuvik intends to continue measuring sea-ice properties in Qikiqtarjuaq and other coastal ecosystems in Baffin Bay. The sensors developed at Takuvik will be integrated to a sea-ice endoscope in development at Université Laval, which will optimize the acquisition of data in situ over a wide range of sea-ice geometries