Unassisted establishment of biological soil crusts ondryland road slopes

Understanding patterns of habitat natural recovery after human-made disturbances is critical for theconservation of ecosystems under high environmental stress, such as drylands. In particular, the unassisted estab-lishment of nonvascular plants such as biological soil crusts or biocrust communities (e.g., soil lichens, mossesand cyanobacteria) in newly formed habitats is not yet fully understood. However, the potential of biocrusts toimprove soil structure and function at the early stages of succession and promote ecosystem recovery is enor-mous. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of lichen biocrusts to spontaneously establish and develop on roadslopes in a Mediterranean shrubland. We also compared taxonomic and functional diversity of biocrusts betweenroad slopes and natural habitats in the surroundings. Biocrust richness and cover, species composition, and func-tional structure were measured in 17 road slopes (nine roadcuts and eight embankments) along a 13 km highwaystretch. Topography, soil properties and vascular plant communities of road slopes were also characterized. Weused Kruskal–Wallis tests and applied redundancy analysis (RDA) to test the effect of environmental scenario(road slopes vs. natural habitat) and other local factors on biocrust features. We found that biocrusts were com-mon in road slopes after∼20 years of construction with no human assistance needed. However, species richnessand cover were still lower than in natural remnants. Also, functional structure was quite similar between roadcuts(i.e., after soil excavation) and natural remnants, and topography and soil properties influenced species composi-tion while environmental scenario type and vascular plant cover did not. These findings further support the ideaof biocrusts as promising restoration tools in drylands and confirm the critical role of edaphic factors in biocrustestablishment and development in land-use change scenarios