In the right place, at the right time: the integration of bacteria into the Plankton Ecology Group model

Background Planktonic microbial communities have critical impacts on the pelagic food web and water quality status in freshwater ecosystems, yet no general model of bacterial community assembly linked to higher trophic levels and hydrodynamics has been assessed. In this study, we utilized a two-year survey of planktonic communities from bacteria to zooplankton on three freshwater reservoirs to investigate their spatiotemporal dynamics. Result We observed the site-specific presence and microdiversification of bacteria in lacustrine and riverine environments, as well as in deep hypolimnia. Moreover, we determined recurrent bacterial seasonal patterns driven by both biotic and abiotic conditions, which could be integrated into the well-known Phytoplankton Ecology Group (PEG) model describing primarily the seasonalities of larger plankton groups. Importantly, bacteria with different ecological potentials showed finely coordinated successions affiliated with four seasonal phases, including the spring bloom dominated by fast-growing opportunists, the clear-water phase associated with oligotrophic ultramicrobacteria, the summer phase characterized by phytoplankton bloom-associated bacteria, and the fall/winter phase driven by decay-specialists. Conclusion Our findings elucidate the principles driving the spatiotemporal microbial community distribution in freshwater ecosystems. We suggest an extension to the original PEG model by integrating recurrent bacterial seasonal trends.Funding provided by: Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a TělovýchovyCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001823Award Number: CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_025/0007417Funding provided by: Grantová Agentura České RepublikyCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001824Award Number: 19-00113SFunding provided by: Grantová Agentura České RepublikyCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001824Award Number: 19-23469SFunding provided by: Grantová Agentura České RepublikyCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001824Award Number: 20-12496XFunding provided by: Grantová Agentura České RepublikyCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001824Award Number: 22-33245