PREVALENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE DIABETIC FROZEN SHOULDER

The term frozen shoulder was first introduced by Codman in 1934. He described a painful shoulder condition of insidious onset that was associated with stiffness and difficulty sleeping on the affected side. Codman also identified the marked reduction in forward elevation and external rotation that are the hallmarks of the disease. Long before Codman, in 1872, the same condition had already been labelled periarthritis by Duplay. In 1945, Naviesar coined the term adhesive capsulitis. [2] The pathophysiology of idiopathic adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) is poorly understood. Most authors have reported various degrees of inflammatory changes in the synovial membrane. Adhesions between the shoulder capsule and the humeral head have been noted by some, but not all, authors. [4] The aetiology of periarthritis of the shoulder, however, is not clearly understood. Amongst the factors suggested are trauma myocardial infarction hemiplegia, pulmonary tuberculosis, thyrotoxicosis, cerebral tumour, and epilepsy. [7] Subjects with Frozen Shoulder Syndrome group A treated with ERM and MWM and group B treated with MRM. The duration of each treatment was 3 weeks. There was an improvement in mobility and functional ability at 12 weeks in subjects treated with the 3 mobilization techniques. Comparing the effectiveness of the 3 treatment strategies in subjects with unilateral Frozen Shoulder Syndrome, ERM and MWM were more effective than MRM in increasing mobility and functional ability. [22]