Subspecies and Distribution. P.p.pitheciaLinnaeus,1766—GuianaShieldforestsinEVenezuela(SoftheOrinocoandEofthelowerRioCaroniinthestatesofDeltaAmacuroandBolivar),theGuianas,andNBrazil(EoftheriosNegroandBranco,andintheS—neartheRioAmazonas,E,andNEoftheRioTrombetasinthestatesofRoraima,Amazonas,Para,andAmapa);theiroccurrencefurtherWandSinVenezuelaandintheParqueNacionalCanaimaisunknown. P. p. chrysocephala 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1850 — Brazil, N of the Rio Amazonas-Solimoes, both sides of the lower Rio Negro, E to Faro and the Rio Nhamunda. Amazonian Brazil, N of Rio Amazonas, both sides of the Rio Negro S to near Manacapuru, E to Faro along the Rio Nhamunda. in Phitheciidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. m. mystax Spix, 1823 — S of the Amazon River in WBrazil (W of the Rio Jurua) and NE Peru, as far W as the E banks of the middle and lower Rio Tapiche and the lower Rio Ucayali, further S it extends W as far as the Rio Ucayali, crossing the Rio Tapiche at c.6° 40' S, the S limit is marked by the rios Urubamba and Inuya. S. m. pileatus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Deville, 1848 — Brazilian Amazon, W of the Rio Purus, S at least as far as the Rio Pauini or Rio Mamornia. S. m. pluto Lonnberg, 1926 — Brazilian Amazon, from the W (left) bank of the Rio Purus, N of the Rio Tapaua, as far W as the Rio Coart. in Callitrichiade

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. S. m. mystax Spix, 1823 — S of the Amazon River in WBrazil (W of the Ri...

Subspecies and Distribution. A. s. seniculus Linnaeus, 1766 — Colombia wherever there is forest (except along the Pacific coast and in the desert of the Guajira Peninsula in the far N), NW Venezuela (around Lake Maracaibo), Amazonian Brazil (N of the Solimoes and S of the Rio Negro), E Ecuador and E Peru (E of the Andes, E of the Rio Huallaga, to the upper rios Maranon, Napo, and Putumayo). A. s. juara Elliot, 1910 = W Amazonian Brazil S of the Solimoes, extending W into Amazonian Peru, in the Jurua Basin and, considering the form amazonica to be a synonym, extending across the Rio Solimoes to the interfluvium of the rios Japura and Negro; the W limit defining its distribution is not known. A. s. puruensis Lonnberg, 1941 — Brazilian Amazon, from the Rio Jurua Basin E to the lower Rio Madeira and the middle Rio Aripuana, it extends E across the upper Aripuana to the Rio Teles Pires, to the S is restricted to the N of the Rio Abuna, a left bank tributary of the Rio Madeira that extends along the N border of Bolivia; its occurrence is uncertain in the N of Rondonia State, S of the Rio Ji-parana, although it occurs in S Rondonia, to the Rio Mamoré-Guaporé, in the Serra da Pacaas Novos, and E through the Serra dos Parecis to the Rio Teles Pires. in Atelidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. A. s. seniculus Linnaeus, 1766 — Colombia wherever there is forest (exc...

Subspecies and Distribution. S. b. boliviensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & de Blainville, 1834 — upper Brazilian Amazon S of the Rio Solimoes, from between the rios Jurua and Tefé extending S into SE Peru (S of Rio Abujao, Ucayali Department) and N Bolivia W of the Rio Guaporé (Beni, Cochabamba, Pando, and Santa Cruz departments, including the upper Madeira Basin), at elevations of 50-500 m. S. b. peruviensis Hershkovitz, 1984 — N & C Peru, S of the Rio Maranon-Amazonas, from the W bank of the Rio Tapiche W to the Rio Huallaga, and S through the departments of San Martin and of Huanuco (to c.10° S), and Ucayali (between the rios Pachitea and Tambo, at least as far as the Rio Abujao); also possibly in Brazil (Amazonas State), at elevations of 90-800 m. in Cebidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. S. b. boliviensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & de Blainville, 1834 — upp...

Subspecies and Distribution. P.i.wrrorataGray,1842—Brazil(fromtheriosJurua-TarauacaEtotheriosTapajos-Juruena,andStotheRioGuaporé),NBolivia(NoftheRioMadredeDios),andSEPeru(fromtheupperRioPurus,WoftheRioUrubamba,andStotheRioTambopata);itdoesnotoccurbetweenthelowerPurusandtheRioJurua,thedomainoftheBuftySaki(P.albicans). P. i. vanzolinii Hershkovitz, 1987 — First described from Santa Cruz on the Rio Eiru (S tributary of the Rio Jurua), and believed to occur between the S (right) bank of the upper Rio Jurua and the S bank of the Rio Tarauaca in the SW of the Amazonas and Acre states, but there are very few documented locations. in Phitheciidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. P.i.wrrorataGray,1842—Brazil(fromtheriosJurua-TarauacaEtotheriosTapajos...

Subspecies and Distribution. C.c.calvus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1847—BrazilianAmazon,mainlyrestrictedtothelargefluvialislandborderedbytheriosJapura,Auati-Parana,andSolimoes. C.c.novaesiHershkovitz,1987—BrazilianAmazon,restrictedtotheupperRioJurua(Sbank),betweentheriosEiruandTarauacainthestateofAmazonas.C.c¢.rubicundus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire&Deville,1848—WAmazonBasininBrazil(disjunctdistribution,withonepopulationintheJapura-Solimoesinterfluvium,WoftheAuati-Parana,andanotheralongtheRioSolimoes,upriverfromtheRioI¢a-Putumayo);possiblyextendingintotheColombianTrapeziumbutneverrecordedthere. C. c. ucayalu Thomas, 1928 — W Amazon Basin in E Peru (S of the Rio Amazonas, between the rios Ucayali and Yavari, in the regions of Loreto and N Ucayali) and W Brazil (known from a single locality, Estirao do Ecuador, on the E bank ofthe lower RioJavari). in Phitheciidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. C.c.calvus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1847—BrazilianAmazon,mainlyrestricted...

Subspecies and Distribution. C.m.melanocephalusHumboldt,1812—NWAmazoninSVenezuelaandNWBrazil,betweentheupperRioOrinocoandupperRioNegro. C. m. ayresi Boubli et al., 2008 — NW Amazon in Brazil, evidently limited to a small area comprising the Rio Curuduri Basin and the middle to lower Rio Araca N of the Rio Negro. in Phitheciidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. C.m.melanocephalusHumboldt,1812—NWAmazoninSVenezuelaandNWBrazil,between...

Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.monachusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1812—SEColombia,WBrazil,EEcuador,andE&NEPeru,fromtheRioJapura-CaquetaStotheRioNapo,EtotheRioJurua,andextendingSaroundtheupperJurua,alsobothsidesoftheRioMaranonasfarEastheRioSantiago,andfromthereSalongtheAndeanfoothillsto¢.7°30"SinSanMartinRegion,whereitisrestrictedtotheEoftheRioHuallagaandextendingStotheRioInuyaBasinintheupperRioPurus,at¢.10°30"S. P.m. milleri Allen, 1914 — S Colombia (Andean foothills up to ¢.500-700 m above sea level in the Caqueta Department, S of the rios Yari and Caqueta, but extending NE to the area of LLa Macarena in Meta Department, E to at least Puerto Leguizamo on the left bank of the Rio Putumayo) and NE Ecuador (N of the Rio Napo); itis unclear how far E it occurs between the rios Napo and Putumayo into Peru. in Phitheciidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.monachusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1812—SEColombia,WBrazil,EEcuador,an...

Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. cana E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 — Brazilian Amazon, S of the Rio Amazonas-Solimoes, between the rios Jurua and Tapajos-Juruena, but restricted to the left bank of the Rio Madeira above the mouth of the Rio Jiparana (a right bank tributary), and to the right bank of the Rio Jiparana, S to ¢.12° S, and W along the N (left bank) of the Rio Abuna on the upper Rio Madeira. L. c. tschudii Pucheran, 1857 — SE Peru, its range is poorly known butis believed to extend between the rios Pachitea and Ucayali, S from the Rio Inuya, W as far as the Rio Inambari, and S to both sides of the Rio Madre de Dios into the Rio Tambopata Basin, to the frontier with Bolivia, with an isolated population in Madidi National Park. in Atelidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. cana E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 — Brazilian Amazon, S of the...

Subspecies and Distribution. S. I. labiatusE. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 — W Brazil, SE Peru, and N Bolivia, between the Rio Purus and Rio Madeira-Abuna system, S of the Rio Ipixuna, crossing the headwaters of the Rio Abuna in Bolivia, and S to the Rio Tahuamanu in N Bolivia, extending into SE Peru, but not W of the headwaters of the Rio Purus. S. L rufiventer Gray, 1843 — W Brazil (Amazonas State), between the rios Madeira and Purus, S from the Rio Solimoes to the Rio Ipixuna. S. I. thomasi Goeldi, 1907 — NW Brazil (Amazonas State), between the rios Japura and Solimoes, from the Auati-Parana to the Rio Tonantins. in Callitrichiade

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. S. I. labiatusE. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 — W Brazil, SE Peru, and ...

Subspecies and Distribution. C. p. pygmaea Spix, 1823 — Upper Amazon in S Colombia, W Brazil, E Ecuador, and N Peru, N of the Amazon River and left bank of the Rio Pastaza, E to the mouth of the Rio Japura, and S of the Rio Japura-Caqueta to the Andes. C. p. niverventris Lonnberg, 1940 — Amazonian lowlands and Andean foothills in W Brazil, E Peru, and N Bolivia, S of the Amazon River, E of the Rio Mayo and the Rio Huallaga above the Rio Mayo, S to the upper Rio Purus, E to N Bolivia (Rio Muyumanu), and N probably through the entire interfluvium of the rios Purus and Madeira. in Callitrichiade

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. C. p. pygmaea Spix, 1823 — Upper Amazon in S Colombia, W Brazil, E Ecua...

Subspecies and Distribution. C.o.olivaceusSchomburgk,1848—mightberestrictedtotheVenezuelanAmazonBasinfromtheupperRioOrinoco,andthroughouttheOrinocosavannaabovethemouthoftheRioMeta,asfarNandWastheSierradePerijaandtheVenezuelanC.o.dela C.o. (C.o. Range), to the left bank of the Rio Essequibo in W Guyana, in forests of the Guiana Shield; distributional limits separating the two subspecies are not well known. C. o. castaneus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1851 — Guianas (possibly from the Rio Essequibo in Guyana E through Suriname and French Guiana) and N Brazil, where its distributional limits are not well known but are possibly marked by the rios Negro and Branco and Catrimani (right bank affluent of the Rio Branco) in the W, the Rio Amazonas in the S, and the Atlantic coast in the E, and it also occurs on Caviana and Mexiana Is in the estuary of the Rio Amazonas. Small numbers introduced as pets are now feral on Margarita I off the Venezuelan coast. in Cebidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. C.o.olivaceusSchomburgk,1848—mightberestrictedtotheVenezuelanAmazonBasi...

Subspecies and Distribution. S. n. mgricollis Spix, 1823 — Brazilian Amazon, N Peru, and possibly SE Colombia, between the Rio Ica—Putumayo and the rios Solimoes-Amazonas and Napo, W as far the seasonally flooded forest varzea along the Tamboryacu. S. n. graellsiJiménez de la Espada, 1870 — S Colombia, NE Ecuador, and N Peru, S of the upper Rio Caqueta (W from the mouth of the Rio Yari) in Colombia, S to both sides of the upper Putumayo as far as the N (left) bank of the Rio Napo, extending E between the Napo and Putumayo as far as the seasonally flooded forest along the Tamboryacu. S. mn. hernandezi Hershkovitz, 1982 — S Colombia, Meta Department, between the rios Caqueta, Caguan, and Orteguaza and the base of the Cordillera Oriental to the Rio Guayabero. in Callitrichiade

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. S. n. mgricollis Spix, 1823 — Brazilian Amazon, N Peru, and possibly SE...

Subspecies and Distribution. S.s.sciureusLinnaeus,1758—GuianasandNBrazil,NoftheAmazonRiverfromtheriosNegroandDemini(AmazonasState),Etotherivermouth,andSoftheAmazonRiverbetweentheRioXingu-Iriri(ParaState)EtotheRioPindaré(MaranhaoState),extendingStoc.6°SalongtheupperreachesoftheRioXingu. S. s. collins: Osgood, 1916 — N Brazil, Marajo I in the estuary of the Amazon River (Para State), but further studies are needed to identify the extent of its occurrence, which may well be much larger; the identity of the squirrel monkeys on other islands in the Amazon estuary (Gurupa, Caviana, and Mexiana) has yet to be ascertained. in Cebidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. S.s.sciureusLinnaeus,1758—GuianasandNBrazil,NoftheAmazonRiverfromtherio...

Subspecies and Distribution. P.y. yagouaroundi Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 — the Guianas highlands S to Amazon Basin of Brazil. P. y. ameghinoi Holmberg, 1898 — W Argentina (from Jujuy S to N Patagonia). P. y. cacomitli Berlandier, 1859 — NE Mexico, possibly extinct in S USA (Texas). P. y. eyra Fischer, 1814 — S Brazil through Paraguay to N Argentina. P.y. fossata Mearns, 1901 — S Mexico to Honduras. P.y. melantho Thomas, 1914 — Andean valleys of Peru and W Brazil (upper Amazonia). P.y. panamensis J. A. Allen, 1904 — Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, W Colombia to Ecuador. P.y. tolteca Thomas, 1898 — NW Mexico (Sinaloa), extinct in SW USA (Arizona). in Felidae

Don E. Wilson
Russell A. Mittermeier

January 2009

Subspecies and Distribution. P.y. yagouaroundi Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 — the Guianas highlands ...

Subspecies and Distribution. M.n.nudicaudatusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1803—Venezuela(SoftheOrinocoRiverandtheOrinocoDelta),theGuianas,andNBrazil. M.n.colombianusJ.A.Allen,1900—SMexico(Chiapas),CentralAmerica,N&WColombia,WVenezuela(MaracaiboLake,Andes,andWLlanos),andNWEcuador. M.n.modestusThomas,1923—SBrazil,E&CParaguay,andNArgentina(MisionesandFormosa). M.n.myosurosTemminck,1824—EBrazil(PernambucoStoSantaCatarina). M. n. tschudiiJ. A. Allen, 1900 — upper Amazon Basin of E & SE Colombia, W Brazil, E Peru, and N & E Bolivia. in Didelphidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Don E. Wilson

June 2015

Subspecies and Distribution. M.n.nudicaudatusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1803—Venezuela(SoftheOrinocoRiv...

Subspecies and Distribution. S. m. mystax Spix, 1823 — S of the Amazon River in WBrazil (W of the Rio Jurua) and NE Peru, as far W as the E banks of the middle and lower Rio Tapiche and the lower Rio Ucayali, further S it extends W as far as the Rio Ucayali, crossing the Rio Tapiche at c.6° 40' S, the S limit is marked by the rios Urubamba and Inuya. S. m. pileatus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Deville, 1848 — Brazilian Amazon, W of the Rio Purus, S at least as far as the Rio Pauini or Rio Mamornia. S. m. pluto Lonnberg, 1926 — Brazilian Amazon, from the W (left) bank of the Rio Purus, N of the Rio Tapaua, as far W as the Rio Coart. in Callitrichiade

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. S. m. mystax Spix, 1823 — S of the Amazon River in WBrazil (W of the Ri...

Subspecies and Distribution. A. s. seniculus Linnaeus, 1766 — Colombia wherever there is forest (except along the Pacific coast and in the desert of the Guajira Peninsula in the far N), NW Venezuela (around Lake Maracaibo), Amazonian Brazil (N of the Solimoes and S of the Rio Negro), E Ecuador and E Peru (E of the Andes, E of the Rio Huallaga, to the upper rios Maranon, Napo, and Putumayo). A. s. juara Elliot, 1910 = W Amazonian Brazil S of the Solimoes, extending W into Amazonian Peru, in the Jurua Basin and, considering the form amazonica to be a synonym, extending across the Rio Solimoes to the interfluvium of the rios Japura and Negro; the W limit defining its distribution is not known. A. s. puruensis Lonnberg, 1941 — Brazilian Amazon, from the Rio Jurua Basin E to the lower Rio Madeira and the middle Rio Aripuana, it extends E across the upper Aripuana to the Rio Teles Pires, to the S is restricted to the N of the Rio Abuna, a left bank tributary of the Rio Madeira that extends along the N border of Bolivia; its occurrence is uncertain in the N of Rondonia State, S of the Rio Ji-parana, although it occurs in S Rondonia, to the Rio Mamoré-Guaporé, in the Serra da Pacaas Novos, and E through the Serra dos Parecis to the Rio Teles Pires. in Atelidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. A. s. seniculus Linnaeus, 1766 — Colombia wherever there is forest (exc...

Subspecies and Distribution. S. b. boliviensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & de Blainville, 1834 — upper Brazilian Amazon S of the Rio Solimoes, from between the rios Jurua and Tefé extending S into SE Peru (S of Rio Abujao, Ucayali Department) and N Bolivia W of the Rio Guaporé (Beni, Cochabamba, Pando, and Santa Cruz departments, including the upper Madeira Basin), at elevations of 50-500 m. S. b. peruviensis Hershkovitz, 1984 — N & C Peru, S of the Rio Maranon-Amazonas, from the W bank of the Rio Tapiche W to the Rio Huallaga, and S through the departments of San Martin and of Huanuco (to c.10° S), and Ucayali (between the rios Pachitea and Tambo, at least as far as the Rio Abujao); also possibly in Brazil (Amazonas State), at elevations of 90-800 m. in Cebidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. S. b. boliviensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & de Blainville, 1834 — upp...

Subspecies and Distribution. P.i.wrrorataGray,1842—Brazil(fromtheriosJurua-TarauacaEtotheriosTapajos-Juruena,andStotheRioGuaporé),NBolivia(NoftheRioMadredeDios),andSEPeru(fromtheupperRioPurus,WoftheRioUrubamba,andStotheRioTambopata);itdoesnotoccurbetweenthelowerPurusandtheRioJurua,thedomainoftheBuftySaki(P.albicans). P. i. vanzolinii Hershkovitz, 1987 — First described from Santa Cruz on the Rio Eiru (S tributary of the Rio Jurua), and believed to occur between the S (right) bank of the upper Rio Jurua and the S bank of the Rio Tarauaca in the SW of the Amazonas and Acre states, but there are very few documented locations. in Phitheciidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. P.i.wrrorataGray,1842—Brazil(fromtheriosJurua-TarauacaEtotheriosTapajos...

Subspecies and Distribution. C.c.calvus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1847—BrazilianAmazon,mainlyrestrictedtothelargefluvialislandborderedbytheriosJapura,Auati-Parana,andSolimoes. C.c.novaesiHershkovitz,1987—BrazilianAmazon,restrictedtotheupperRioJurua(Sbank),betweentheriosEiruandTarauacainthestateofAmazonas.C.c¢.rubicundus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire&Deville,1848—WAmazonBasininBrazil(disjunctdistribution,withonepopulationintheJapura-Solimoesinterfluvium,WoftheAuati-Parana,andanotheralongtheRioSolimoes,upriverfromtheRioI¢a-Putumayo);possiblyextendingintotheColombianTrapeziumbutneverrecordedthere. C. c. ucayalu Thomas, 1928 — W Amazon Basin in E Peru (S of the Rio Amazonas, between the rios Ucayali and Yavari, in the regions of Loreto and N Ucayali) and W Brazil (known from a single locality, Estirao do Ecuador, on the E bank ofthe lower RioJavari). in Phitheciidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. C.c.calvus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1847—BrazilianAmazon,mainlyrestricted...

Subspecies and Distribution. C.m.melanocephalusHumboldt,1812—NWAmazoninSVenezuelaandNWBrazil,betweentheupperRioOrinocoandupperRioNegro. C. m. ayresi Boubli et al., 2008 — NW Amazon in Brazil, evidently limited to a small area comprising the Rio Curuduri Basin and the middle to lower Rio Araca N of the Rio Negro. in Phitheciidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. C.m.melanocephalusHumboldt,1812—NWAmazoninSVenezuelaandNWBrazil,between...

Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.monachusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1812—SEColombia,WBrazil,EEcuador,andE&NEPeru,fromtheRioJapura-CaquetaStotheRioNapo,EtotheRioJurua,andextendingSaroundtheupperJurua,alsobothsidesoftheRioMaranonasfarEastheRioSantiago,andfromthereSalongtheAndeanfoothillsto¢.7°30"SinSanMartinRegion,whereitisrestrictedtotheEoftheRioHuallagaandextendingStotheRioInuyaBasinintheupperRioPurus,at¢.10°30"S. P.m. milleri Allen, 1914 — S Colombia (Andean foothills up to ¢.500-700 m above sea level in the Caqueta Department, S of the rios Yari and Caqueta, but extending NE to the area of LLa Macarena in Meta Department, E to at least Puerto Leguizamo on the left bank of the Rio Putumayo) and NE Ecuador (N of the Rio Napo); itis unclear how far E it occurs between the rios Napo and Putumayo into Peru. in Phitheciidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.monachusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1812—SEColombia,WBrazil,EEcuador,an...

Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. cana E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 — Brazilian Amazon, S of the Rio Amazonas-Solimoes, between the rios Jurua and Tapajos-Juruena, but restricted to the left bank of the Rio Madeira above the mouth of the Rio Jiparana (a right bank tributary), and to the right bank of the Rio Jiparana, S to ¢.12° S, and W along the N (left bank) of the Rio Abuna on the upper Rio Madeira. L. c. tschudii Pucheran, 1857 — SE Peru, its range is poorly known butis believed to extend between the rios Pachitea and Ucayali, S from the Rio Inuya, W as far as the Rio Inambari, and S to both sides of the Rio Madre de Dios into the Rio Tambopata Basin, to the frontier with Bolivia, with an isolated population in Madidi National Park. in Atelidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. cana E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 — Brazilian Amazon, S of the...

Subspecies and Distribution. S. I. labiatusE. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 — W Brazil, SE Peru, and N Bolivia, between the Rio Purus and Rio Madeira-Abuna system, S of the Rio Ipixuna, crossing the headwaters of the Rio Abuna in Bolivia, and S to the Rio Tahuamanu in N Bolivia, extending into SE Peru, but not W of the headwaters of the Rio Purus. S. L rufiventer Gray, 1843 — W Brazil (Amazonas State), between the rios Madeira and Purus, S from the Rio Solimoes to the Rio Ipixuna. S. I. thomasi Goeldi, 1907 — NW Brazil (Amazonas State), between the rios Japura and Solimoes, from the Auati-Parana to the Rio Tonantins. in Callitrichiade

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. S. I. labiatusE. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 — W Brazil, SE Peru, and ...

Subspecies and Distribution. C. p. pygmaea Spix, 1823 — Upper Amazon in S Colombia, W Brazil, E Ecuador, and N Peru, N of the Amazon River and left bank of the Rio Pastaza, E to the mouth of the Rio Japura, and S of the Rio Japura-Caqueta to the Andes. C. p. niverventris Lonnberg, 1940 — Amazonian lowlands and Andean foothills in W Brazil, E Peru, and N Bolivia, S of the Amazon River, E of the Rio Mayo and the Rio Huallaga above the Rio Mayo, S to the upper Rio Purus, E to N Bolivia (Rio Muyumanu), and N probably through the entire interfluvium of the rios Purus and Madeira. in Callitrichiade

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. C. p. pygmaea Spix, 1823 — Upper Amazon in S Colombia, W Brazil, E Ecua...

Subspecies and Distribution. C.o.olivaceusSchomburgk,1848—mightberestrictedtotheVenezuelanAmazonBasinfromtheupperRioOrinoco,andthroughouttheOrinocosavannaabovethemouthoftheRioMeta,asfarNandWastheSierradePerijaandtheVenezuelanC.o.dela C.o. (C.o. Range), to the left bank of the Rio Essequibo in W Guyana, in forests of the Guiana Shield; distributional limits separating the two subspecies are not well known. C. o. castaneus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1851 — Guianas (possibly from the Rio Essequibo in Guyana E through Suriname and French Guiana) and N Brazil, where its distributional limits are not well known but are possibly marked by the rios Negro and Branco and Catrimani (right bank affluent of the Rio Branco) in the W, the Rio Amazonas in the S, and the Atlantic coast in the E, and it also occurs on Caviana and Mexiana Is in the estuary of the Rio Amazonas. Small numbers introduced as pets are now feral on Margarita I off the Venezuelan coast. in Cebidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. C.o.olivaceusSchomburgk,1848—mightberestrictedtotheVenezuelanAmazonBasi...

Subspecies and Distribution. S. n. mgricollis Spix, 1823 — Brazilian Amazon, N Peru, and possibly SE Colombia, between the Rio Ica—Putumayo and the rios Solimoes-Amazonas and Napo, W as far the seasonally flooded forest varzea along the Tamboryacu. S. n. graellsiJiménez de la Espada, 1870 — S Colombia, NE Ecuador, and N Peru, S of the upper Rio Caqueta (W from the mouth of the Rio Yari) in Colombia, S to both sides of the upper Putumayo as far as the N (left) bank of the Rio Napo, extending E between the Napo and Putumayo as far as the seasonally flooded forest along the Tamboryacu. S. mn. hernandezi Hershkovitz, 1982 — S Colombia, Meta Department, between the rios Caqueta, Caguan, and Orteguaza and the base of the Cordillera Oriental to the Rio Guayabero. in Callitrichiade

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. S. n. mgricollis Spix, 1823 — Brazilian Amazon, N Peru, and possibly SE...

Subspecies and Distribution. S.s.sciureusLinnaeus,1758—GuianasandNBrazil,NoftheAmazonRiverfromtheriosNegroandDemini(AmazonasState),Etotherivermouth,andSoftheAmazonRiverbetweentheRioXingu-Iriri(ParaState)EtotheRioPindaré(MaranhaoState),extendingStoc.6°SalongtheupperreachesoftheRioXingu. S. s. collins: Osgood, 1916 — N Brazil, Marajo I in the estuary of the Amazon River (Para State), but further studies are needed to identify the extent of its occurrence, which may well be much larger; the identity of the squirrel monkeys on other islands in the Amazon estuary (Gurupa, Caviana, and Mexiana) has yet to be ascertained. in Cebidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. S.s.sciureusLinnaeus,1758—GuianasandNBrazil,NoftheAmazonRiverfromtherio...

Subspecies and Distribution. P.y. yagouaroundi Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 — the Guianas highlands S to Amazon Basin of Brazil. P. y. ameghinoi Holmberg, 1898 — W Argentina (from Jujuy S to N Patagonia). P. y. cacomitli Berlandier, 1859 — NE Mexico, possibly extinct in S USA (Texas). P. y. eyra Fischer, 1814 — S Brazil through Paraguay to N Argentina. P.y. fossata Mearns, 1901 — S Mexico to Honduras. P.y. melantho Thomas, 1914 — Andean valleys of Peru and W Brazil (upper Amazonia). P.y. panamensis J. A. Allen, 1904 — Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, W Colombia to Ecuador. P.y. tolteca Thomas, 1898 — NW Mexico (Sinaloa), extinct in SW USA (Arizona). in Felidae

Don E. Wilson
Russell A. Mittermeier

January 2009

Subspecies and Distribution. P.y. yagouaroundi Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 — the Guianas highlands ...

Subspecies and Distribution. M.n.nudicaudatusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1803—Venezuela(SoftheOrinocoRiverandtheOrinocoDelta),theGuianas,andNBrazil. M.n.colombianusJ.A.Allen,1900—SMexico(Chiapas),CentralAmerica,N&WColombia,WVenezuela(MaracaiboLake,Andes,andWLlanos),andNWEcuador. M.n.modestusThomas,1923—SBrazil,E&CParaguay,andNArgentina(MisionesandFormosa). M.n.myosurosTemminck,1824—EBrazil(PernambucoStoSantaCatarina). M. n. tschudiiJ. A. Allen, 1900 — upper Amazon Basin of E & SE Colombia, W Brazil, E Peru, and N & E Bolivia. in Didelphidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Don E. Wilson

June 2015

Subspecies and Distribution. M.n.nudicaudatusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1803—Venezuela(SoftheOrinocoRiv...

Subspecies and Distribution. S. m. mystax Spix, 1823 — S of the Amazon River in WBrazil (W of the Rio Jurua) and NE Peru, as far W as the E banks of the middle and lower Rio Tapiche and the lower Rio Ucayali, further S it extends W as far as the Rio Ucayali, crossing the Rio Tapiche at c.6° 40' S, the S limit is marked by the rios Urubamba and Inuya. S. m. pileatus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Deville, 1848 — Brazilian Amazon, W of the Rio Purus, S at least as far as the Rio Pauini or Rio Mamornia. S. m. pluto Lonnberg, 1926 — Brazilian Amazon, from the W (left) bank of the Rio Purus, N of the Rio Tapaua, as far W as the Rio Coart. in Callitrichiade

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. S. m. mystax Spix, 1823 — S of the Amazon River in WBrazil (W of the Ri...

Subspecies and Distribution. A. s. seniculus Linnaeus, 1766 — Colombia wherever there is forest (except along the Pacific coast and in the desert of the Guajira Peninsula in the far N), NW Venezuela (around Lake Maracaibo), Amazonian Brazil (N of the Solimoes and S of the Rio Negro), E Ecuador and E Peru (E of the Andes, E of the Rio Huallaga, to the upper rios Maranon, Napo, and Putumayo). A. s. juara Elliot, 1910 = W Amazonian Brazil S of the Solimoes, extending W into Amazonian Peru, in the Jurua Basin and, considering the form amazonica to be a synonym, extending across the Rio Solimoes to the interfluvium of the rios Japura and Negro; the W limit defining its distribution is not known. A. s. puruensis Lonnberg, 1941 — Brazilian Amazon, from the Rio Jurua Basin E to the lower Rio Madeira and the middle Rio Aripuana, it extends E across the upper Aripuana to the Rio Teles Pires, to the S is restricted to the N of the Rio Abuna, a left bank tributary of the Rio Madeira that extends along the N border of Bolivia; its occurrence is uncertain in the N of Rondonia State, S of the Rio Ji-parana, although it occurs in S Rondonia, to the Rio Mamoré-Guaporé, in the Serra da Pacaas Novos, and E through the Serra dos Parecis to the Rio Teles Pires. in Atelidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. A. s. seniculus Linnaeus, 1766 — Colombia wherever there is forest (exc...

Subspecies and Distribution. S. b. boliviensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & de Blainville, 1834 — upper Brazilian Amazon S of the Rio Solimoes, from between the rios Jurua and Tefé extending S into SE Peru (S of Rio Abujao, Ucayali Department) and N Bolivia W of the Rio Guaporé (Beni, Cochabamba, Pando, and Santa Cruz departments, including the upper Madeira Basin), at elevations of 50-500 m. S. b. peruviensis Hershkovitz, 1984 — N & C Peru, S of the Rio Maranon-Amazonas, from the W bank of the Rio Tapiche W to the Rio Huallaga, and S through the departments of San Martin and of Huanuco (to c.10° S), and Ucayali (between the rios Pachitea and Tambo, at least as far as the Rio Abujao); also possibly in Brazil (Amazonas State), at elevations of 90-800 m. in Cebidae

Russell A. Mittermeier
Anthony B. Rylands
Don E. Wilson

March 2013

Subspecies and Distribution. S. b. boliviensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & de Blainville, 1834 — upp...

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Abstract

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