Cercopithecus campbelli Waterhouse 1838

64. Campbell's Monkey Cercopithecus campbelli French: Cercopitheque de Campbell / German: Campbell-Meerkatze / Spanish: Cercopiteco de Campbell Other common names: Campbell's Guenon Taxonomy. Cercopithecus campbelli Waterhouse, 1838, Sierra Leone. In his Field Guide to African Mammals published in 1997, J. Kingdon included the following species in his C. mona superspecies group: C. mona, C. campbell, C. lower, C. denti, C. wolfi, and C. pogonias. C. P. Groves in his 2001 Primate Taxonomy followed this same arrangement for his C. mona species group. P. Grubb and colleagues in 2003 did likewise, but they considered the form lowe: to be a subspecies of C. campbell. Guenons with intermediate features of C. campbelli and C. lowei have been found between the Cavally and Sassandra-Nzo rivers in eastern Ivory Coast. Monotypic. Distribution. Senegal (from just N of Casamance River), Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (including Caravela I in the Bijagos Archipelago), Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia (just to Cavally River on the Liberia—Ivory Coast border). Descriptive notes. Head-body 43-54 cm (males) and 36-43 cm (females), tail 49-85 cm (males) and 58-68 cm (females); weight 3-9—4-6 kg (males) and c.2-2 kg (females). Campbell's Monkey is similar in appearance to the Mona Monkey (C. mona) and is not immediately identifiable by one particular striking feature ofits coat. Rather, Campbell’s Monkeyis best distinguished from other sympatric forest guenons by lack of white spots on base oftail and its lack of a white nose. Upper back and shoulders are speckled gray-yellow, but lower back, outer surfaces of limbs, and dorsal surface oftail are gray-black. Underside and inner surfaces of limbs are silvery grayish-white. There is a distinct brow band of white hairs, with black tips and a black line running from eye to ear. Cheek whiskers are speckled pale yellow. Face is blue-gray (paler around eyes), and lips and skin of muzzle are pink. Scrotum is blue. Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland and riparian forest, mangroves, and woody savanna (e.g. in the Comoé National Park in northern Ivory Coast). Campbell's Monkey can also be found on subsistence agricultural land and in young secondary growth, bush, and scrubby vegetation referred to as “farmbush.” Food and Feeding. Fruit is the main constituent of the diets of Campbell's Monkeys, and they also eat leaves, flowers, insects, and other small animals. In Tai Forest National Park, Ivory Coast, individuals spend 46% of their feeding time eating fruits, especially those of Sacoglottis gabonensis (Humiriacae), Dialium aubrevillei (Fabaceae), and Memecylon lateriflorum (Melastomataceae). About 33% of feeding time is dedicated to foraging for insects. Campbell's Monkeys carefully search through foliage for rolled up leaves and in rotting wood for insect larvae. They have been seen to eat spider webs. They also eat leaves; 8% of feeding time can be taken up eating foliage. When in mangroves, they eat leaves, seeds, crabs, shrimps, and mudskippers. They are a serious farm pest in some areas. Breeding. Ovulatory cycles of Campbell's Monkeys last about a month. They do not exhibit sexual swelling. In Ivory Coast, mating takes place in June-September, and births occur in November—January at the end of the long rainy season and in the early dry season. The gestation period is c.180 days. A single young is born each year. The infant is carried ventrally, at first helped by the mother. Weaning takes place when offspring are c.l year old, and sexual maturity is reached at 4-6 years. Instances of infanticide have been observed. Activity patterns. Campbell's Monkey is diurnal and predominantly arboreal. In the Tai Forest, individuals spend 70% of their time feeding and foraging, 20% resting, and 7% traveling. Campbell’s Monkeys spend more time in the lower parts of the forest canopy and walk more and leap less than any other arboreal guenons. Further studies in the Tai Forest have shown that they use the ground for 15% of their time, and the shrub layer for 22% oftheir time. About 58% oftheir feeding time is spent in the shrub layer (below 5 m) and on the ground. Campbell’s Monkeys also sit when resting and stand when feeding, more than any other monkey. They are reported to be good swimmers, allowing them to reach small islands to forage. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Average group sizes of Campbell’s Monkeys are 9-14 individuals, although groups of up to 33 have been reported. Typically, groups contain a single adult male and several adult females. Males that are not integrated into heterosexual groups form all-male groups that include adults and subadults. Aggressive male takeovers of one-male groups have been reported. They are accompanied by infanticide. Campbell's Monkey show a relatively high level of affiliative interaction among individuals in groups, manifested mostly by grooming between adult females. Low levels of agonistic behavior within groups are attributed to small group sizes and their dispersed feeding patterns. Interactions between groups, although infrequent, are often aggressive. During such encounters, males show more aggressive behavior (threats and loud calling) than females. In a day, groups will travel 1000-1200 m. In Tai Forest, annual home range sizes are 40-80 ha. Predators include crowned hawk-eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus), Leopards (Panthera pardus), and Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Campbell's Monkeys give alarm calls that are specific to Leopards and a different one for eagles. They also make loud calls when they are alarmed, such as when they hear a tree fall, but in these cases,calls are introduced by two boom calls that evidently signal that loud calls do not concern presence of a predator. Males have short bouts of loud calling (also, introduced by two boom calls) every evening, at dusk, which have to do with defense of their group and their territory. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Campbell's Monkey islisted as Class B in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Despite the fact that Campbell's Monkey has been affected by habitat loss through deforestation,it can thrive in disturbed habitats and remains common in many parts ofits distribution. It has a large distribution and an ability to adapt to a wide variety of habitats. It is hunted but, along with the Spot-nosed Monkey (C. petaurista), it still remains one of the most abundant primates in the Upper Guinea forest zone. Campbell’s Monkey occurs in most protected areas in its distribution, including Abuku Nature Reserve in The Gambia, Tai Forest National Park in Ivory Coast, Sapo National Park in Liberia, Basse Casamance National Park in Senegal, and Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary in Sierra Leone. Bibliography. Booth (1955), Bourliere et al. (1970), Buzzard (2004, 2006), Buzzard & Eckardt (2007), Delson et al. (2000), Fischer et al. (1999/2000), Galat-Luong & Galat (1979a), Galat & Galat-Luong (1985), Gippoliti & Dell’'Omo (2003), Gonedelé Bi et al. (2012), Groves (2001, 2005b), Grubb et al. (1998), Kingdon (1997), Mc-Graw (1996a, 1998a, 2002, 2007), Napier (1981), Oates (2011), Oates, Gippoliti & Groves (2008a), Zuberbuhler (2001, 2002).Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson, 2013, Cercopithecidae, pp. 550-755 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 682, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.686706