Supplementary material: for Using anticipation to unveil drivers of local livelihoods in Transfrontier Conservation Areas: a call for more environmental justice

Calling on the concept of environmental justice in its distributive, procedural, and recognition dimensions, we implemented a collaborative scenario-building approach to explore sustainable livelihood pathways in four sites belonging to two Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) in southern Africa. Grounded on participation and transdisciplinarity, as a foundation for decolonised anticipatory action research, we aimed at stimulating knowledge exchange and providing insights on the future of local livelihoods by engaging experts living within these TFCAs. Our results show that wildlife and wildlife-related activities are not seen as the primary drivers of local livelihoods, despite the focus and investments of dominant stakeholders in these sectors. Instead, local governance and land use regulations emerged as key drivers in the four study sites. The state of natural resources, including water, and appropriate farming systems also appeared critical to sustain future livelihoods in TFCAs, together with the recognition of indigenous culture, knowledge, and value systems. Nature conservation, especially in Africa, is rooted in its colonial past and struggles to free or decolonise itself from the habits of this past despite decades of reconsideration. To date, the enduring coloniality of conservation prevents local citizens from truly participating in the planning and designing of the TFCAs they live in, leaving room for limited benefits to local citizens and often limiting indigenous people's capacity to conserve. A practical way forward is to consider environmental justice as a cement between the two pillars of the TFCA concept, i.e.nature conservation and socioeconomic development of local or neighbouring communities, as part of a more broad and urgent need to rethink the relationships between people in, and with, the rest of nature.Funding provided by: European UnionCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780Award Number: FED/20 I7/ 394 -443We adapted and used a collaborative scenario-building approach called Participatory Prospective Analysis (PPA) (Bourgeois et al. 2017a), as a human-centred forward-thinking activity rooted in participation and transdisciplinarity (Gudowsky & Peissl 2016), to explore alternative futures for local livelihoods and associated issues at stake. This methodology is used to implement anticipatory processes in complex multistakeholder environments dealing with wicked problems worldwide (Bourgeois et al. 2017a; Bourgeois et al. 2017b; Shantiko et al. 2021) and in Africa (Puskur et al. 2017; Sourisseau et al. 2017; Camara, Bourgeois & Jahel 2019). Supp. Mat. 1: Attendance list for each workshop Supp. Mat. 2: Future agenda Supp. Mat. 3: Structural Analysis conducted in each site Supp. Mat. 4: Factors of change Supp. Mat. 5: Panorama of the main issues at stake Supp. Mat. 6: Future states of driver