MINICHROMOSOME TECHNOLOGY

Genetic engineering is an important method for increasing crop quality and production while lowering labour and resource use in agriculture (Ceccarelli et al., 1992). Traditionally, genetic modification has been accomplished by either Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Opabode et al., 2006) or direct transformation using a gene gun and particle bombardment (Altpeter et al., 2005). Since these approaches allow for the insertion of single or few genes at random genomic locations and enable the simultaneous expression of several genes, they have many limitations; however, complex or combined traits cannot be transferred in a synchronised manner (Yu et al., 2007b). For desired outcomes, these approaches are labour-intensive and time-consuming procedures that often necessitate highly qualified personal and substantial feedback. Furthermore, a large number of phenotypically abnormal plants are restored, and the host genome's utility is often disrupted